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Handbook of Principles of Organizational Behavior - Soltanieh ...

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FOSTER TEAM EFFECTIVENESS BY FULFILLING KEY LEADERSHIP FUNCTIONS<br />

291<br />

Many leadership functions are best addressed before a team first convenes. Is a team<br />

an appropriate device for accomplishing the work to be performed, or is there a better<br />

way to get it done? What type <strong>of</strong> team should be created – a “ surgical ” team, a<br />

coacting group, a traditional face - to - face team, a distributed or virtual team, or even<br />

a fl uid “ sand dune ” team? How can those structural and organizational conditions<br />

that are most critical to team effectiveness be created and sustained? And then, once<br />

the team does get under way, how should it be coached – what should be done to<br />

launch it well, what should be addressed when it nears the midpoint <strong>of</strong> the work,<br />

and what should be done when a signifi cant piece <strong>of</strong> work has been completed?<br />

Finally, we have emphasized that there is no one best personality or style for getting key<br />

leadership functions fulfilled. Those who lead well do so by exploiting their preferred<br />

styles and their special capabilities rather than by following some textbook prescriptions<br />

or by mimicking how other successful leaders act. And, when a given leadership<br />

function requires knowledge or skill that is beyond one ’s own capabilities, the best team<br />

leaders do not hesitate to call on others to lend a hand in helping the team move forward.<br />

Team leadership is not a solo act. At its best, it too is a team activity.<br />

REFERENCES<br />

Abramis , D. J. ( 1990 ). Semiconductor manufacturing team. In J. R. Hackman (ed.), Groups<br />

that Work (and Those that Don’t) (pp. 449–470 ). San Francisco : Jossey - Bass .<br />

Barnard , C. I. ( 1938 ). The Functions <strong>of</strong> the Executive. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University<br />

Press .<br />

Brooks , F. P. Jr. , ( 1995 ). The Mythical Man - Month ( 2nd edition ). Reading, MA : Addison - Wesley .<br />

Gersick , C. J. G. , and Hackman , J. R. ( 1990 ). Habitual routines in task - performing teams.<br />

<strong>Organizational</strong> <strong>Behavior</strong> and Human Decision Processes, 47 , 65–97 .<br />

Gibson , C. B. , and Cohen , S. G. (eds) ( 2003 ). Creating Conditions for Effective Virtual Teams.<br />

San Francisco : Jossey - Bass .<br />

Ginnett , R. C. ( 1990 ). Airline cockpit crew . In J. R. Hackman (ed.), Groups that Work (and<br />

Those that Don’ t) (pp. 427–448 ). San Francisco : Jossey - Bass .<br />

Ginnett , R. C. ( 1993 ). Crews as groups: their formation and their leadership. In E. L. Wiener,<br />

B. G. Kanki , and R. L. Helmreich (eds), Cockpit Resource Management (pp. 71–98 ).<br />

Orlando, FL : Academic Press .<br />

Hackman , J. R. ( 1993 ). Teams, leaders, and organizations: New directions for crew - oriented<br />

fl ight training. In E. L. Wiener, B. G. Kanki , and R. L. Helmreich (eds), Cockpit Resource<br />

Management (pp. 47–69 ). Orlando, FL : Academic Press .<br />

Hackman , J. R. ( 2002 ). Leading Teams: Setting the Stage for Great Performances. Boston : Harvard<br />

Business School Press.<br />

Hackman , J. R. , Kosslyn , S. M. , and Woolley , A. W. ( 2008 ). The design and leadership<br />

<strong>of</strong> intelligence analysis teams. Technical Report No. 11, Project on Human Cognition<br />

and Collective Performance, Department <strong>of</strong> Psychology, Harvard University.<br />

Hackman , J. R., and O ’ Connor, M. ( 2004 ). What makes for a great analytic team?<br />

Individual vs. team approaches to intelligence analysis. Washington, DC : Intelligence<br />

Science Board, Offi ce <strong>of</strong> the Director <strong>of</strong> Central Intelligence.<br />

Hackman , J. R. , and Oldham , G. R. ( 1980 ). Work Redesign. Reading, MA : Addison - Wesley .

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