Namibia PDNA 2009 - GFDRR

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Annex 7 Housing Pre-disaster Situation About 210,000 households live in the six affected areas (60 percent of Namibia population). The vast majority of these households (85 percent) live in rural areas. In rural areas residents build their own houses. They are able to get the timber from the bush and produce their own sand/ cement blocks. In urban areas construction is mainly done by contractors or construction enterprises. Three main types of housing are observed in the region: (i) traditional houses (wooden structure, thatch roofing and sand or mud brick walls); (ii) modern (solid) housing (bricks, cement blocks and steel reinforced structure); and, (iii) informal (transitional) housing (made of corrugated iron sheets or any other cheap material). Rural settlement and traditional housing A rural settlement can be defined as a group of small, independent constructions (single rooms) that inter-relate through a complicated scheme of fences and corridors. Each room corresponds to a single occupant or family function. The settlement is defined by a private fence that includes the planting area, separating it from the rest of the community land. The housing compounds are usually located on lower levels of the property as the higher areas are saved for omahango (planted crop). This situation is likely based on historical need to protect the crop from flooding. In rural areas, the traditional housing is typically a round, windowless single storey building with a conical roof. Construction of the buildings varies according to craftsmanship, skills and materials available locally; the three main materials are wood, wood combined with mud, or sand bricks. Roofs are generally made out of thatch and have the same typical shape throughout the six Regions. More recently it is common to find within the settlements a building or two made from solid materials such as cement blocks or roofs of corrugated iron sheeting which is thought to correspond with the exposure by younger residents to urban settlements. In Caprivi, mopani poles are mainly used for the construction of traditional housing and the permission to cut the poles is regulated by local authorities. Due to scarcity of this material, in parts of eastern Caprivi some residents have to obtain these building materials across the Zambezi River in neighbouring Zambia. Urban Areas, modern and informal housing Modern housing, generally built recently and with solid materials (cement blocks, burnt bricks, or metal sheets), is mainly found in urban areas; the typical shape is square with a flat roof. Modern houses are permanent constructions, resistant to water and wind and need little or no maintenance. Modern (solid) housing, although built with water-proof materials, can still be highly vulnerable to inundation from heavy rains if built on ground level or low-lying area. This is common as there is a general lack of flood awareness. Informal settlements are housing groups that are established beyond the defined limits of the city and lack any social services or public infrastructure (i.e. schools, hospitals, or drainage systems). Usually this type of settlement grows without any planning or supervision, in low areas like those in a river basin or other undesirable ecological situations. The informal settlement occupies these locations because the land is free and for the proximity to town and paid employment. Tenancy of housing varies according to the site where they are built. Those without any legal tenure are typically built in informal settlements of urban areas. Informal (transitional) housing is mainly found in the informal settlements, in low-lying areas or along the roads, mostly used as shops or bars, commonly referred to as “cuca shops” or “shebeens.” The main building materials are metal sheets covering a light framework, usually made of wood, with a door and no windows. Most of these structures have no constructed floor or proper insulation. While its transitional character is self-evident, these building are often used by its inhabitants as permanent housing. Vulnerability in the Housing Sector Traditional housing is highly vulnerable to floods as it lies generally at the ground level. The building materials are not flood resistant, particularly when in standing water as occurred in the flooding of 2009. Informal (transitional) housing is highly vulnerable to floods and water inundations because of their location and their fragile construction. Urban areas typically occupy higher ground level and are built with solid materials in various styles and methods. Usually they are protected by drainage systems that evacuate rain water from its surface. Urban areas become vulnerable to flooding from heavy rains when the drainage system does not work adequately (e.g. growth of residential areas without simultaneously enlarging the drainage system or lack of maintenance for the drainage systems). In the urban areas, it is commonly observed that newly 89
constructed elevated roads increase vulnerability as they can act a water barrier (i.e. lack of adequate culverts that respect the natural course of water). Bottom-line, none of depicted types of housing in rural and urban areas have been prepared for floods or even for moderate inundations. It is rare to find a house that is built above the ground level, although located clearly in flood-prone areas. New modern (solid) houses are built at the ground level even those in areas prone to flooding. Damage and Losses Assessment According to the early assessment done by UNDAC and later by FEMCO (Report of the Flood Emergency Management Coordination Office), floods affected housing, as thousands of people were displaced to relocation centres or other transitional settlements for a period between two and four months, depending on the subsiding level of water in their living places. At the time of the assessment, in the Caprivi and Kavango Regions, some displaced people were still living in relocation camps because their houses remain inaccessible. Many affected people face possible permanent relocation to higher and more secure places because their houses have been inundated for two consecutive years and it is likely that the phenomena will continue to occur cyclically every one or two years. The assessment of the damage and losses was based on the following calculations: Table 70: Calculations for damage and loss assessment in the housing sector Households Caprivi Kavango Ohangwena Omusati Oshana Oshikoto Total Population 87058 202694 276099 257789 186755 191625 1,202,020 Affected population 228842 7976 228842 228842 161916 117818 974,236 Households 42965 31671 46017 42965 31126 31938 226,680 Urban 2041 5254 2186 2041 7582 4072 23,176 Rural 13248 40817 43716 40817 18053 27147 183,797 Affected households Caprivi Kavango Ohangwena Omusati Oshana Oshikoto Total Urban Modern 0 0 524 1,487 9,747 2,504 14,262 Urban Informal 330 0 591 420 1,587 442 3,369 Rural Traditional 4,670 1,246 21,170 36,233 15,652 16,691 95,662 Total affected 5,000 1,246 22,284 38,140 26,986 19,636 113,293 Percentage of Total households 12% 4% 48% 89% 87% 61% 50% Fully Damaged Households Caprivi Kavango Ohangwena Omusati Oshana Oshikoto Total Urban Modern 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Urban Informal 330 0 118 84 317 88 938 Rural Traditional 4,670 1,246 3,895 5,942 2,630 2,837 21,221 Total Fully Damaged 5,000 1,246 4,013 6,026 2,947 2,926 22,158 Percentage of Total households 12% 4% 9% 14% 9% 9% 10% Partially Damaged Households Caprivi Kavango Ohangwena Omusati Oshana Oshikoto Total Urban Modern 0 0 262 744 4,874 1,252 7,131 Urban Informal 0 0 177 126 476 133 912 Rural Traditional 0 0 8,044 12,863 5,635 8,179 34,721 Total Partially Damaged 0 0 8,483 13,732 10,984 9,563 42,763 Percentage of Total households 0% 0% 18% 32% 35% 30% 19% Unit Cost (N$) Replacement Repair Urban Modern 40,000 2,500 Urban Informal 1,000 500 Rural Traditional 12,000 4,000 90 Namibia POST-DISASTER NEEDS ASSESSMENT
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POST-DISASTER NEEDS ASSESSMENT FLOO
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Foreword In March of 2009, torrenti
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Table of Contents Foreword ii Ackno
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Table 51 Indication of losses incur
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List of Abbreviations AIDS Acquired
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Executive Summary In March 2009, fl
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The recommendations for recovery an
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Strengthened Community Awareness Co
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1.1 The 2009 Floods Omusati Oshana
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In addition, the President called u
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prolonged dry spells and droughts),
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2.1 Methodology In the aftermath of
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Figure 10: Distribution of damage (
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The average value of damage in the
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3.1 Sector Impacts: Infrastructure
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Rail and Air Transport There was no
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3.2 3.2.1 Sector Impacts: Productiv
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Needs/Timeline Table 16: Summary of
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worst, some in Oshikoto, Kavango an
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Private sector reconstruction using
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not have to provide food to learner
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Needs The needs of the environment
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4.1 Macro-economic Impact This sect
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Impact on the balance of payment Th
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4.2 Impact on Income and livelihood
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HIV/AIDS The floods caused consider
Page 53 and 54: 5.1 Introduction The most likely sc
Page 55 and 56: Box: 2: Early Recovery: Guiding pri
Page 57 and 58: Housing, shelter and settlements Th
Page 59 and 60: 5.4 Recommendations on when to move
Page 61 and 62: 6.1 Recovery and Reconstruction Str
Page 63 and 64: Figure 36: Long-term reconstruction
Page 65 and 66: 6.5 The way forward The medium and
Page 67 and 68: 7.1 Situation during the Disaster T
Page 69 and 70: of 2-6oC by end of the century, a l
Page 71 and 72: could involve flags, megaphones or
Page 73 and 74: 7.3 On-going interventions While th
Page 75 and 76: Annex 1 Water Supply and Sanitation
Page 77 and 78: access. It was observed that if the
Page 79 and 80: water. Similarly, access roads from
Page 81 and 82: Table 44: Roads proposed for improv
Page 83 and 84: Annex 3 Energy Pre-disaster Situati
Page 85 and 86: Table 50: Losses incurred due to 20
Page 87 and 88: Annex 4 Agriculture, Livestock and
Page 89 and 90: System (NEWFIS), reported concerns
Page 91 and 92: and affect both urban and rural vul
Page 93 and 94: In 1998, the Government launched a
Page 95 and 96: Annex 5 Industry and Commerce Pre-d
Page 97 and 98: In Namibia, small businesses can be
Page 99 and 100: Needs In light of the vulnerability
Page 101 and 102: Table 66: Total damages and lost re
Page 103: Governance Issues Namibia is one of
Page 107 and 108: epresents 31 percent. In comparison
Page 109 and 110: Table 73: Early and medium and long
Page 111 and 112: and reproductive health. This was f
Page 113 and 114: Provision of safe water was done by
Page 115 and 116: Intensive capacity-building activit
Page 117 and 118: The Table below indicates the numbe
Page 119 and 120: Table 80: Budget for 2008/2009 and
Page 121 and 122: The total damages and losses are su
Page 123 and 124: displacement and often impact girls
Page 125 and 126: Needs The education sector response
Page 127 and 128: The major long-term environmental c
Page 129 and 130: paltry in comparison to ongoing thr
Page 131 and 132: Table 90: Environment sector needs
Page 133 and 134: Annex 11 Food Security Pre-disaster
Page 135 and 136: mahangu and maize meal must be mutu
Page 137 and 138: Figure 42: Maize Meal Prices in Urb
Page 139 and 140: The total amount of food commoditie
Page 141 and 142: Food distributions • To strengthe
Page 143 and 144: Annex 12 GIS Mapping Background One
Page 145 and 146: spectrum (and roughly comparable to
Page 147 and 148: Useful web links and References For
Page 149 and 150: Activities Key Outputs Time Frame R
Page 151: Activities Key Outputs Time Frame R
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