Namibia PDNA 2009 - GFDRR

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NB: as a first approximation, all park visitor revenue in Kavango and Caprivi was estimated to derive from international tourists. International and domestic revenues were estimated separately for Etosha, hence the relative reduction in the impact on balance of payments. Early recovery Given that the damages and losses evaluated in Table above fall entirely within the public sector, there is little direct impact on local communities. There were reports of loss of access to wild spinach varieties which form an important complement to local diets in the oshanas. In the floodplains of the north-east, the common property resources most relied on by locals, fish and grasses, will probably be more abundant this year as a result of the flooding. Wildlife conflict does appear to have been an issue in certain locations, but when compared to background rates and the scale of agricultural damages caused directly by flooding, the incremental impact of wildlife is likely more of a localized irritation than a serious impact. The most serious environmental issue for local people remains the potential for indirect impacts in the oshanas due to the additional pressure of displaced people and for housing material on already highly stressed resources. Significant environmental deterioration has been underway in the oshanas for a couple of decades and is well-recognized as an issue. However, its solution will be a lengthy process that goes well beyond the recovery from the <strong>2009</strong> floods. If relief and recovery activities are not well managed, there is a serious risk of temporarily aggravating the situation, but in a broader perspective, the floods are beneficial to the system and it is drought and desertification that pose the real threat when overlaid on top of continuing human pressures. Recovery Framework and Needs Summary goals & principles The environmental recovery goal is to manage immediate impacts and restore damaged assets in a manner that reduces both disaster and environmental risks. In the case of the impacts enumerated specifically within this section that is relatively straightforward. For other sectors, it will necessitate a broad range of principles, including that reconstructed roads are subject to proper environmental engineering and drainage provision, and that building reconstruction does not deplete local resources. These principles must be included within each sector as appropriate. Needs Needs taken directly from the environmental damages and losses (Table 89) comprise the repair costs for the roads in protected areas, the additional wildlife management costs incurred at Etosha and in Caprivi, and the additional waste management costs incurred in Oshikoto. Needs associated with risk reduction to be accounted in this section comprise of the costs of upgrading affected protected area roads to be more resistant to future flooding, and of upgrading the additional refuse tip to a properly engineered landfill to mitigate risks of further environmental degradation. Based on assessments of park authorities, each of the three damaged roads will cost an additional N$2-3m to upgrade beyond the baseline repair cost. The total cost is therefore estimated at an additional N$7.5m. Based on the volume of the refuse dumps (roughly 50x50x5m), the capacity of the new disposal site is estimated at roughly 10,000t. At a landfill cost US 20/t (based on international comparisons for small-scale landfills), the upgrade equates to a total cost of US$200,000. The incremental cost of upgrading the open dump site is therefore roughly estimated at N$1m, beyond the initial cost of N$500,000 for an un-engineered site. It should be noted, however, that landfill costs are very dependent on local conditions and economies of scale, and therefore a specific assessment would be needed to design and cost the facility. The main environmental capacity need is to strengthen the ability to manage watershed and floodplain management, including appropriate environmental impact review for projects within sensitive areas. This will be incorporated into the overall recommendations on river basin management, however, and is not separately accounted here. 115
Table 90: Environment sector needs Needs (N$000s) Early recovery Later recovery Reconstruction Totals Additional wildlife management 219 219 PA road repair 10,000 PA road upgrade 7,500 17,500 Additional waste management 500 Refuse site upgrade 1,000 1,500 Totals 719 1,000 17,500 19,219 Table 91: Required public sector interventions Task Indicative Budget (N$ million) Responsibilities Milestones Timeline PA road reconstruction Engineered landfill, Oshakati 17.5 Min of Environment and Tourism: overall management Min of Transport: verification of design & construction quality 1.5 Oshakati municipal authorities: overall management • Designs inc. appropriate environment engineering • Completion of works • Designs inc. appropriate env. Engineering • Site in full operation 31 July 31 Oct 31 July 30 Sept Disaster Risk Management Issues For the environment sector, risk management includes not only conventional disaster risk management, but also mitigating risks of ongoing indirect environmental impacts from the disaster, including those posed by the recovery and reconstruction processes themselves. The state of the environment in the affected areas contributed very little to the direct vulnerability to flooding. In the northeast, the environment remains in relatively good condition, and dense riparian vegetation probably averted widespread river bank erosion. In the oshanas, the land is stressed, and the soil vulnerable to erosion. Even so, the flood waters were mostly slow-moving and the far greater threat remains from drought and desertification. The main issue of vulnerability stems simply from inappropriate location of housing and in some cases agricultural activities in flood-prone areas, due to population increase, spread of informal settlements, and possibly partly perverse incentives from flood relief. Disaster risk management issues related to environment centre around the development of improved river basin and flood management systems. This includes not just upstream watershed management and early warning systems (complicated in this setting by the trans-boundary nature of the watersheds), but also floodplain management including zoning or at least impact assessment mechanisms for potentially competing uses such as agriculture, roads, settlement, natural storage, biodiversity and tourism. Even basic measures, such as drainage standards seem to be poorly developed or applied to floodplains with consequences such as washed out culverts obvious on public and private roads. Technical assistance will be needed both to understand options and the complications posed by climate change. This topic is covered in depth within the separate DRM section of this report, and is not replicated in the needs presented here. Within the narrower confines of the impacts enumerated in this section, the main disaster preparedness issue is to upgrade the roads in the impacted protected areas to the level at which they can withstand likely flooding, without any undue local environmental impact. This will necessitate proper attention to environmental engineering in the designs, and particularly in regard to drainage and crossings. 116 <strong>Namibia</strong> POST-DISASTER NEEDS ASSESSMENT
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POST-DISASTER NEEDS ASSESSMENT FLOO
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Foreword In March of 2009, torrenti
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Table of Contents Foreword ii Ackno
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Table 51 Indication of losses incur
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List of Abbreviations AIDS Acquired
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Executive Summary In March 2009, fl
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The recommendations for recovery an
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Strengthened Community Awareness Co
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1.1 The 2009 Floods Omusati Oshana
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In addition, the President called u
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prolonged dry spells and droughts),
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2.1 Methodology In the aftermath of
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Figure 10: Distribution of damage (
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The average value of damage in the
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3.1 Sector Impacts: Infrastructure
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Rail and Air Transport There was no
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3.2 3.2.1 Sector Impacts: Productiv
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Needs/Timeline Table 16: Summary of
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worst, some in Oshikoto, Kavango an
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Private sector reconstruction using
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not have to provide food to learner
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Needs The needs of the environment
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4.1 Macro-economic Impact This sect
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Impact on the balance of payment Th
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4.2 Impact on Income and livelihood
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HIV/AIDS The floods caused consider
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5.1 Introduction The most likely sc
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Box: 2: Early Recovery: Guiding pri
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Housing, shelter and settlements Th
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5.4 Recommendations on when to move
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6.1 Recovery and Reconstruction Str
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Figure 36: Long-term reconstruction
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6.5 The way forward The medium and
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7.1 Situation during the Disaster T
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of 2-6oC by end of the century, a l
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could involve flags, megaphones or
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7.3 On-going interventions While th
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Annex 1 Water Supply and Sanitation
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access. It was observed that if the
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Page 83 and 84: Annex 3 Energy Pre-disaster Situati
Page 85 and 86: Table 50: Losses incurred due to 20
Page 87 and 88: Annex 4 Agriculture, Livestock and
Page 89 and 90: System (NEWFIS), reported concerns
Page 91 and 92: and affect both urban and rural vul
Page 93 and 94: In 1998, the Government launched a
Page 95 and 96: Annex 5 Industry and Commerce Pre-d
Page 97 and 98: In Namibia, small businesses can be
Page 99 and 100: Needs In light of the vulnerability
Page 101 and 102: Table 66: Total damages and lost re
Page 103 and 104: Governance Issues Namibia is one of
Page 105 and 106: constructed elevated roads increase
Page 107 and 108: epresents 31 percent. In comparison
Page 109 and 110: Table 73: Early and medium and long
Page 111 and 112: and reproductive health. This was f
Page 113 and 114: Provision of safe water was done by
Page 115 and 116: Intensive capacity-building activit
Page 117 and 118: The Table below indicates the numbe
Page 119 and 120: Table 80: Budget for 2008/2009 and
Page 121 and 122: The total damages and losses are su
Page 123 and 124: displacement and often impact girls
Page 125 and 126: Needs The education sector response
Page 127 and 128: The major long-term environmental c
Page 129: paltry in comparison to ongoing thr
Page 133 and 134: Annex 11 Food Security Pre-disaster
Page 135 and 136: mahangu and maize meal must be mutu
Page 137 and 138: Figure 42: Maize Meal Prices in Urb
Page 139 and 140: The total amount of food commoditie
Page 141 and 142: Food distributions • To strengthe
Page 143 and 144: Annex 12 GIS Mapping Background One
Page 145 and 146: spectrum (and roughly comparable to
Page 147 and 148: Useful web links and References For
Page 149 and 150: Activities Key Outputs Time Frame R
Page 151: Activities Key Outputs Time Frame R
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