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Figure 8. Particle behaviours at frequencies from 100 Hz to 1 MHz. (A-D): positive DEP observed; (E & F): close to crossover frequency. (G): typical negative DEP behaviour. (H & I): DEP behaviour of particles at 500 kHz and 1 MHz is similar to that at 150 kHz. 5.3 Particle Separation The ability to use DEP to sort particles was investigated by applying electric fields with frequencies of 100 Hz, 1 kHz, 100 kHz and 150 kHz and examining the system for spatial separation of the particles. The separation progress in the stationary liquid is shown in Figures 9 and 10. At 100 Hz (Figure 9-A), strong positive DEP was observed. Large numbers of polystyrene microparticles and MWCNTs were in constant motion in the region near the electrode tips. This was due to the existence of large levitating and trapping forces described in Section 3. When the frequency of applied field was increased to 1 kHz (Figure 9-B), microparticles in motion could no longer be observed. As this frequency increased to values closer to the crossover frequency (approximately 30 kHz), the DEP force became weaker and the number of assembled microparticles decreased. Figure 9- C illustrates initial separation behaviour of polystyrene microparticles and MWCNTs at 100 kHz, as all polystyrene microparticles were repelled from strong electric field region, while MWCNTs stayed on the edge of the electrodes. At 150 kHz (Figure 10-A), the separation of MWCNTs and polystyrene microparticles was complete. Since the magnitude of DEP forces affecting MWCNTs and polystyrene microparticles is not changing for frequencies larger than 100 kHz, applied signals in the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz resulted in similar DEP behaviour (Figure 9-D illustrates the particle behaviour at 1 MHz). After the polystyrene microparticles were removed and the liquid was evaporated, the substrate was characterised by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to observe the trapping effect of MWCNTs; and as can be in Figure 10-B, MWCNTs were trapped on the tip and edges of electrodes. 106
Figure 9. Particle separation progress observed from the frequency of 100 Hz to 100 kHz. (A): at 100 Hz, both microparticles and MWCNTs were experiencing strong positive DEP forces; (B): at 1 kHz, positive DEP forces were weaker, (C): at 100 kHz, MWCNTs were still experiencing positive DEP forces, while microparticles were influenced by negative ones. (D): at 1 MHz, particle behaviours are similar to that at 150 kHz. A B Assembled MWCNTs Assembled MWCNTs Assembled MWCNTs 20 µm Slide 1 Figure 10. A: At 150 kHz, complete particle separation achieved, polystyrene microparticles were repelled from electrode tips, while MWCNTs trapped at tips. B: SEM image of assembled MWCNTs on the tip and edge of electrodes. 5.4 Collection of Separated Particles According to the calculations presented in Section 2.2, the magnitude of the DEP force affecting MWCNTs is much larger than polystyrene microparticles. Therefore, maintaining a proper flow in the microfluidic channel, the polystyrene microparticles can be washed away and removed. MWCNTs can be released when the alternating voltage is switched off. In this case, the collection of polystyrene microparticle can be achieved by maintaining the flow in positive direction; and after that, the 107
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The 3 rd VACPS Research Workshop Pr
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Organizing Committee Victorian Asso
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Preface On the occasion of the publ
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Paper as a low-cost base material f
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Acknowledgements We gratefully ackn
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Career planning and Job Interview i
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The role of mitochondria in atrial
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Track-Before-Detect Procedures for
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Definition 2 The probability of tar
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Demonstration and Performance Analy
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Effect of mini-tyrosl-tRNA syntheta
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2.1 Materials Sprague-Dauley(SD) ma
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Distribution of three forms alpha-m
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Materials and Methods Ethics All an
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Fig.1 (A) Mass Spectrometry results
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Supercontinuum generation for fiber
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Gas chromatographic retention indic
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Outward Foreign Direct Investment f
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Fiber Nonlinearity Precompensation
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Improved Nonlinearity precompensati
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