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surface of TPU nanofibers is much smooth than collagen nanofibers. The blend nanofbiers wers also even, but there were a lot of lines on the surface at the surface of blend nanofibers. Fig 6 AFM images represented by height mode:(a) TPU fiber (b) collagen fiber (c) TPU/collagen fiber(50:50,w/w) 3.2 Water contact measurements The hydrophobic (or hydrophilic) nature of a substrate has a direct impact on the avenue of its usage. Fig.7 gives the contact-angle dates variation and the water convex shape on different electrospun fibrous mats measured with a surface analysis instrument. As expected, collagen showed much better wettability than the TPU because of its hydrophilic group. The electrospun pure TPU mats showed an angle around 134.1° which could seemed to be as lyophobic. With the increasing collagen component in the blend nanofiber, the various electrospun mats exhibited the contact angle around 60- 80°. The result indicated that the hydrophilicity of the membranes based on TPU was significantly improved by adding the collagen ingredient. Such a property will be extremely useful for creation of tissue with cellularity throughout the scaffold by cell culture. Fig 7 Water contact angle of electrospun TPU/collagen nanofibrous mats with different blend ratios. (Inset this figure shows the variation shapes of contact angle on different mats. (A) T/C =1:0; (B) T/C = 3:1; (C) T/C =1:1; (D) T/C =1:3; (E) T/C =0:1; (F) T/C =0:1.Date are means±SD (n=3) The hydrophilicity of tissue engineering scaffolds is very important for their application. Many works have reported that cells attached and spread more easily and effectively on surfaces with proper hydrophilicity than on hydrophobic surfaces[31]. From the cell culture result, we could find that there the improved surface hydrophilicity was expected to facilitate cell attachment and proliferation. With collagen ingredient increasing in the blend nanofibers, the hydrophilicity was greatly improved. The blend ratio of TPU/collagen from 100:0 to 75:25, the contact angle had a great change from 134 to 82°. Although there were no sigificant difference among these blend nanofibrous mats in the first 24 hours, they all showed better proliferation rate at 72, 120 and 144 hours. Furthermore, Cell attachment to the substratum is almost always mediated by extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins absorbed on the culture surface. ECM proteins are present in the serum used in most cell culture applications. Numerous 122
studies have indicated that surface properties such as surface hydrophilicity and charge could affect cell attachment by influencing the ability of the substratum to absorb protein and/or by altering the conformation of the absorbed protein[32, 33]. 3.3 Porosity of nanofibrous mats During the process of electrospinning, the thickness of the blended nanofibers was controlled by the deposition time if the electrospinning parameters were all fixed. We can see that all the apparent density of blended nanofibers was in the range of 0.30-0.60g/cm 3 and it slowly decreased with the collagen increasing in the blend. As the electrospun TPU blended collagen nanofibous mats are having highly pore size, using the apprent density of all different mats and the bulk density of TPU/collagen blends, we could calculate the porosity of the blended nanofibers. However, it was not easy to accurately measure the bulk density of the TPU/collagen blend for it was a high porous material and contained a mixture of different ingredient, so the bulk density of the blends were estimated to be 1.04g/cm 3 on the basis of the bulk density of TPU. From Fig.8 we can see that the porosity of TPU/collagen nanofibers had a big increase with the increasing weight ratio of collagen to TPU and we can also got the conclusion from Fig.1 that the pore size of D, E, F were larger than A, B, C. The porosity increase of nanofiber mats by adding collagen in the blend can also be explained as the increase of solution conductivity[34]. From the fiber diameter analysis we could know that with the increase of the conductivity of the solution, the finer of the fiber would be. On the other hand, with more electronic charges carried by the nanofiber, there would be stronger repulsive forces among fibers during depositing to the collector. Fig 8 The porosity of TPU/collagen blend nanofibrous mats with various blend ratios. Pores play an important role in determining the physical and chemical properties of porous substrates and have a deterministic effect on the performance of membranes, catalysts, adsorbents etc. On the other side, the mats must have a large pore volume fraction as well as an interconnected pore work to permit the transport, multiplication and metabolites. High porosity is propitious to cell adhesion on the mat, promotes extracellular matrix regeneration. Thus, porosity is an essential factor for materials to minic extracellular matrix in tissue engineering. From the analysis of the blended nanofibrous mats, they all showed high porosity and adequate mechanical property for cell ingrowth. Date are representatives of three independent experiments and all date points are plotted as means±SD (n=3) 3.4 FTIR spectra Fig 9 depicts the spectra of TPU/ collagen blend with different weight ratio. It can be seen that although the blends prepared in different ratios, these spectras are quite simlar to each other and the peaks appear at the same bands. The difference among the three spectra is the intensity of some peaks. The characteristic peaks of thermoplastic polyurethane at 3290 cm-1, 2930 cm-1 and 2860 cm-1 can be found in the range of 3500-2500 cm-1,while the peaks between 2000-1000 cm-1, such as those at 123
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The 3 rd VACPS Research Workshop Pr
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Organizing Committee Victorian Asso
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Preface On the occasion of the publ
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Paper as a low-cost base material f
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Acknowledgements We gratefully ackn
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Career planning and Job Interview i
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The role of mitochondria in atrial
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Track-Before-Detect Procedures for
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Demonstration and Performance Analy
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Effect of mini-tyrosl-tRNA syntheta
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Distribution of three forms alpha-m
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Materials and Methods Ethics All an
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Fig.6 (A) Mass Spectrometry results
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Investigation of the mechanism of t
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Dual mode roll-up effect in a multi
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cloud computing offers a cost-effec
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workflows. By comparing the generat
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