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Blend nanofiber diameters distribution of different blend ratios were further determined and the results were shown in Fig.2. Nanofiber diameters of every weight ratios were calculated from the diameter of 100 nanofibers each sample which were directly measured from SEM photographs. From numerical statement of average diameters and standard deviation we can see that the fiber diameter gradually deceased with increasing collagen content in the blend. This phenomenon could be explained as the conductivity increase of the blend solution. It has been known that in electrospinning, the force that causes the stretching of the solution is due to the repulsive forces between the charges on the electrospinning jet[29]. Collagen is typical amphiprotic macromolecule electrolyte. When collagen was affiliated, more ions were formed in the blend solution. So a higher discharge density could be carried by the electrospinning jet. The conductivity of the solution could be increased by the addition of ions. On the other hand, the increased charge carried by the solution will increase the stretching of the solution. And the increased in the stretching of the solution also could tend to yield fibers of smaller diameter. In order to investigate the factor of solution concentration, we selected one weight ratio (80/20, TPU/collagen) to prepare this blend solution with six different concentrations. Fig 1 and 2 SEM images of nanofiber mats at concentration of 6wt% with different blend ratios of TPU to Collagen(T/C) and their fiber diameter distribution Then the mixed solutions were subjected to the electrospinning process under the same processing condition. Fig.3 shows SEM images of TPU/collagen fibers with the concentration which varied from 1.5% to 9% at equal interval. Their fiber diameter distributions were calculated in the same method and the results were shown in Fig.4. From the SEM images we could observe that the smooth fibers could be obtained when the concentrations of the solutions were located between 4.5% and 7.5%. At the same time, we could find that either the concentrations were too low or too high, more beads structure could appear. It is established that chain entanglements in the solution plays an important role in the fiber diameter and morphology. The increase of the solution concentration will result in great polymer chain entanglements. Thus, if the concentration is to low, bead-only structure will be produced due to a lack of chain entanglements in the solution[30]. On the contrary, if the concentration is too high, that will make it very difficult to pump the solution through the syringe needle. Morevoer, when the concentration is too high, the solutions may dries at the tip of the needle before the electrospinning can be initiated. 120
Fig 3 and 4 SEM images of electrospun TPU/collagen (80/20) blend nanofibers as a functions of different concentrations.(A: 1.5wt%; B: 3wt%; C: 4.5%; D: 6%; E: 7.5%; F: 9% ) and their fiber diameter distribution The surface chemistry changes of blended nanofibers was verified by XPS spectroscopy. Fig.5 shows the XPS survey scans of nanofibrous scaffold surfaces. Table 1 shows the atomic ratios of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen on pure and blended nanofibers with weight ratio of 50:50. As expected, the blend-electrospun scaffold collagen/TPU shows three peaks corresponding to C1s (binding energy, 286 eV), N1s (binding energy, 400 eV) and O1s (binding energy, 532 eV). The atomic ratios of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen on nanofibrous scaffolds calculated from XPS survey scan spectra are shown in Table 1. The oxygen content (20.29%) of TPU nanofiber surface was not changed by the incorporation of collagen (collagen/TPU, 19.46). On the other hand, nitrogen (7.4%) found on the blend nanofiber surface was much higher than TPU nanofiber (1.77%). This result illustrate that collagen was found to be present on the surface of blended nanofibers. However, it is hard to say that collagen was located on the surface of blended nanofibers, because both TPU and collagen have Nitrogen content in their chemical structures. The existence of collagen molecules of collagen on the surface and inside the nanofibers provides sustained cell recognition sigals with polymer degradation, which is important for cell function development . Fig 5 X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy survy scan spectra of (a) collagen nanofiber, (b) TPU nanofiber, (c)collagen/TPU nanofiber(50:50,w/w) To study the surface morphologies of TPU, collagen and TPU/collagen nanofiber surface, AFM image was examined using a height mode (Fig. 6). From the analysis of AFM, we found that the 121
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The 3 rd VACPS Research Workshop Pr
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Organizing Committee Victorian Asso
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Preface On the occasion of the publ
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Acknowledgements We gratefully ackn
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Career planning and Job Interview i
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The role of mitochondria in atrial
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Demonstration and Performance Analy
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Materials and Methods Ethics All an
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Dual mode roll-up effect in a multi
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