Workshop proceeding - final.pdf - Faculty of Information and ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

decisions on selection of child care centre. And the educational functions and availability of ECE institutions are taken into serious consideration (Cryer, et al., 2002). Cyrer et al. (2002) also claimed that the range of ECE programme quality in Germany is relatively restricted with little variation which leaves parents not many options as well. While in the USA, subsidies are offered to disadvantaged families, but considering the high fees for child care parents normally have very limited choices of both affordable and accessible centrebased ECE services (Cryer, et al., 2002). The availability of certain types of ECE provisions becomes the limitation of parents’ choices (Peyton, Jacobs, O'Brien, & Roy, 2001). Another outstanding feature is the considerable variation existing in both sponsorship and quality of American ECE system. The arrangements of child care are of great variety to meet differing American families. However, the provisions of high quality child care, in particular the affordable ones, are scarce resource (Cryer, et al., 2002). China’s case is more like the situation in the USA. The types of ECE services range widely with certain constraints in fact confining parents’ options to few choices. ‘Parental choice is limited in each country, but in different ways‘ (Cryer, et al., 2002, p. 263). Overall, progressive development has been made in many aspects across various regions, but new progresses always deserve continuous efforts to make it better and better. Access to Early Childhood Education The aim of investigations relating to this topic is to figure out what factors really matter in ECE systems to make high quality services for child care and education. The concept of ECE programme quality varies in accordance with values, beliefs, needs etc. (Cryer, et al., 2002, as cited in Bernhard & Gonzalez- Mena, 2000; Dhalberg, Moss, & Pence, 1999; Moss, 1994), whereas ‘when quality definition are closely inspected, the themes of these core elements appear repeatedly, with only the details differing’ (Cryer, et al., 2002, p. 261). Various research methods of social science have been adopted to examine each and every aspect in this field. A range of elements related to quality characteristics have influenced developmental outcomes to various extent (Burchinal & Cryer, 2003). Features of quality programming are to be examined ‘including standards for curriculum and assessment, health and safety, class size and teacher/child ratios, parent involvement, professional development and staff qualifications' (Warash, Ward, & Rotilie, 2008, p. 646). In brief, four categories consisting of quality, safety, convenience and availability are main reasons decide the result (Davis & Connelly, 2005). Normally, the demographic characteristics of family also affect the process of parents decision-making (Peyton, et al., 2001). Some scholars (Taylor, Dearing, & McCartney, 2004) find that family economic status matters in children’s development, especially for children from low income families. Through their own survey, Tietze and Cryer (1999) view availability and affordability as major criteria for quality ECE programmes. Availability represents provision of services, acceptable distance, convenient schedule, suitable programmes etc. Affordability is the principle in the light of European original idea to make ECE services available to parents. (Tietze & Cryer, 1999) However, the needs of children and parents have received a comprehensive awareness of both professionals and the public nowadays in the European countries (Tietze & Cryer, 1999). In most cases, parents take full responsibility to select ECE services for their children and family based on their own criteria as child care consumers (Cryer & Burchinal, 1997). Consequently, the opinion of parents, the decision-makers of early education selection, will be valued in the process of assessing the quality ECE services. Cryer et al. (2002) claimed that factors influencing parents perceptions of ECE quality, such as affordability, accessibility, traditions related to ECE etc., is not fixed in different countries. By rating, ranking and conjoint analysis, Rose and Elicker (2008) find that warmth and educational level of caregivers score very high in mothers’ considerations. Grace and O’cass (2003) mention that ethics, service delivery, and service failure response are the main reasons when parents choose and switch child care centres. Another point made by Cryer and Burchinal (1997) is that child care area has been viewed as a market obeying the basic principle of supply and demand. Supply is provided by all types of ECE programmes, as demand, in most cases, is the needs of parents having their children receive quality care and education. According to market rules, the magnitude of child care supply is inevitably affected by the preference of parents. They pointed out that parents are not well informed with 150
adequate and accurate information of the services their children have received. They cited economist James Walker (1991) as ‘The lack of perfect information is the most striking difference between the child care market and the idealized perfect market…. Consumers do not know the quality of care offered by providers once identified. Even after a long period of use, consumers will not be fully informed about the behaviour of the provider’ (p. 65). Since parent attitudes matter, what are the determinants in their decisions? Noble (2007) set four sub categories to cover the major influencing elements in parents’ decisions (p. 53): 1. Parent relationship with child 2. Influence of significant others 3. Parent understandings of childhood 4. Maximising the child’s potential She even emphasises the essential relationship between the needs of family and children (Noble, 2007). Moreover, ‘ As evidenced from the pilot study, adults’ needs (such as hours of operation, cost, and location) were rated as influential parents’ child care choices’ (Seo, 2003, p. 648). Interestingly, survey result indicates that parents consider convenience factors (cost, location etc.) more than quality indicators (safety, pedagogy, interaction etc.) when weighing determinants of ECE services (Cryer & Burchinal, 1997, as cited in Kisker & Maynard, 1991). It shows that parents place their own needs prior to children’s which may lead to a hasty decision (Gable & Cole, 2000). Nevertheless, Gable and Cole (2000) give reasonable explanations to those phenomena: if the service is too expensive to afford, too far to deliver their child, or difficult to cooperate in time schedule, the decision is actually unrealistic. ‘In some ways, the priorities of parents, the state and experts in the field are not the same’ ("Parents pleased with child care options and quality," 2008, p. 1). It is uncertain that to what extent the quality factors in parental values match those of professionals (Peyton, et al., 2001). In summary, up until now, the importance of ECE has been acknowledged all over the world. Supportive forces come from all fields of society to attribute to this career. ECE has become an integrated concept which involves complex factors concerning the prospect of entire human community. Accompanying with accelerated development of socio-economy and human capacity, ECE is looking forward to contribution of everybody concerned to meet the demands of both societies and individuals. References: Burchinal, M. R., & Cryer, D. (2003). Diversity, child care quality, and developmental outcomes. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 18(4), 401-426. Cryer, D., & Burchinal, M. (1997). Parents as child care consumers. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 12(1), 35-58. Cryer, D., Tietze, W., & Wessels, H. (2002). Parents' perceptions of their children's child care: a crossnational comparison. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 17(2), 259-277. Cunha, F., Heckman, J. J., Lochner, L., & Masterov, D. V. (2005). Interpreting the evidence on life cycle skill formation. In E. Hanushek & F. Welch (Eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Education. North Holland. Davis, E. E., & Connelly, R. (2005). The influence of local price and availability on parents' choice of child care. Population Research and Policy Review, 24, 301-334. Gable, S., & Cole, K. (2000). Parents' child care arrangements and their ecological correlates. Early Education & Development, 11(5), 549-572. Grace, D., & O'cass, A. (2003). Child care services: an Exploratory study of choice, switching and search behaviour. European Journal of Marketing, 37(1/2), 107-132. Heckman, J. J. (2006). The economics of investing in early childhood. Paper presented at the 2006 NIFTeY Conference - Prevention: Invest Now or Pay Later, Sydney, Australia. Kamerman, S. B. (2000). Early childhood education and care: an overview of developments in the OECD countries. International Journal of Educational Research, 33(1), 7-29. Knudsen, E. I., Heckman, J. J., Cameron, J. L., & Shonkoff, J. P. (2006). Economic, neurobiological, and behavioral perspectives on building America's future workforce. Paper presented at the The National Academy of Science of the United States of America, Washington. 151
Page 2 and 3:
The 3 rd VACPS Research Workshop Pr
Page 4 and 5:
Organizing Committee Victorian Asso
Page 6 and 7:
Preface On the occasion of the publ
Page 8 and 9:
Paper as a low-cost base material f
Page 10 and 11:
Acknowledgements We gratefully ackn
Page 13 and 14:
Career planning and Job Interview i
Page 15 and 16:
The role of mitochondria in atrial
Page 18 and 19:
Track-Before-Detect Procedures for
Page 20 and 21:
3. Dynamic model for approaching ta
Page 22 and 23:
⎧π0 if j = i and Cx ij k > δij
Page 24 and 25:
k k k k ( ) p( p Ζ | X , B = ∏ z
Page 26 and 27:
As illustrated in Fig.4, the struct
Page 28 and 29:
( xˆ , m ˆ ) = argmax Γ ( x , m
Page 30 and 31:
(a) (b) Fig. 7. mesh plot of the re
Page 32 and 33:
Definition 2 The probability of tar
Page 34 and 35:
Acknowledgments Xiaobo Deng would l
Page 36 and 37:
speed, several methods can be utili
Page 38 and 39:
Where u ′ , v′ ) is the point p
Page 40 and 41:
ase on SIFT are also unsuitable to
Page 42 and 43:
Demonstration and Performance Analy
Page 45 and 46:
Effect of mini-tyrosl-tRNA syntheta
Page 47 and 48:
2.1 Materials Sprague-Dauley(SD) ma
Page 49 and 50:
Fig. 2. The representative photomic
Page 51 and 52:
mount/0.1mm 2 , as for mini-TrpRS g
Page 53 and 54:
3.4.The mRNA expression of mini-Tyr
Page 55 and 56:
9.Du XJ, Gao X, Ramsey D. Surgical
Page 57 and 58:
Distribution of three forms alpha-m
Page 59 and 60:
Materials and Methods Ethics All an
Page 61 and 62:
Fig.1 (A) Mass Spectrometry results
Page 63 and 64:
indicated that there is more des-α
Page 65 and 66:
Fig.6 (A) Mass Spectrometry results
Page 67 and 68:
transcription-polymerase chain reac
Page 69 and 70:
Investigation of the mechanism of t
Page 71 and 72:
Dual mode roll-up effect in a multi
Page 73:
Paper as a low-cost base material f
Page 76 and 77:
cloud computing offers a cost-effec
Page 78 and 79:
workflows. By comparing the generat
Page 80 and 81:
[10] E. Deelman, G. Singh, M. Livny
Page 82 and 83:
Web Page Prediction Based on Condit
Page 84 and 85:
A Multi-modal Gesture Recognition S
Page 86:
Searching for Fair Joint Gains in A
Page 89 and 90:
environments. However, challenges a
Page 91 and 92:
conclude that the hydrophobic PHB c
Page 93 and 94:
Figure 4. (a) Energy transfer model
Page 95 and 96:
20 Intensity (/10 6 ) / a.u. 15 10
Page 97 and 98:
(22) (a) Cho, J.; Quinn, J. F.; Car
Page 99 and 100:
Grain refinement of pure magnesium
Page 101 and 102:
Fig. 3 The optical and SEM microstr
Page 103 and 104:
Conclusions (1) The large grains in
Page 105 and 106:
[22-25]. Sorting of normal and Babe
Page 107 and 108: Figure 1. Г×Re[fCM] vs. frequency
Page 109 and 110: Figure 3. The DEP spectrum of cylin
Page 111 and 112: A B C Figure 5. The gradient of the
Page 113 and 114: Figure 7. SEM image of damaged elec
Page 115 and 116: Figure 9. Particle separation progr
Page 117 and 118: The separation efficiency can be im
Page 119 and 120: [37] A. Motayed, M. Q. He, A. V. Da
Page 121 and 122: Fig. 1. The transverse and longitud
Page 123 and 124: References: [1] Xiong Liu, Mark C.
Page 125 and 126: new tissue[10]. Most of these human
Page 127 and 128: 2.8 Viability and morphology study
Page 129 and 130: Fig 3 and 4 SEM images of electrosp
Page 131 and 132: studies have indicated that surface
Page 133 and 134: Fig 10 Tensile Stress curve of elec
Page 135 and 136: well as on a usual nanofibrous scaf
Page 137 and 138: Uniform Coating of WO x on TiO 2 Na
Page 140 and 141: Union as a Social Regulator of Mark
Page 142 and 143: associated with a reinvention of in
Page 144 and 145: enterprises…There obviously is no
Page 146 and 147: Union assistants participate in org
Page 148 and 149: [5] Deyo, Frederic C and Ağartan,
Page 150 and 151: Organizational Capabilities • Lea
Page 152 and 153: Table 1. Correlations, Reliabilitie
Page 154 and 155: [18]. Jap, S. D. (1999). Pie-expans
Page 156 and 157: Early Childhood Education Matters:
Page 160 and 161: Noble, K. (2007). Parent choice of
Page 162: An Exploration of Country of Origin
Page 165 and 166: Supercontinuum generation for fiber
Page 167 and 168: Gas chromatographic retention indic
Page 169 and 170: Outward Foreign Direct Investment f
Page 171 and 172: Fiber Nonlinearity Precompensation
Page 173 and 174: Improved Nonlinearity precompensati
show all

Workshop proceeding - final.pdf - Faculty of Information and ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?