addressing uncertainty in oil and natural gas industry greenhouse

More documents

Recommendations

Info

For natural gas samples that meet the US pipeline quality specifications (1000 Btu/scf, or 38 MJ/m 3 ), the precision of this test method has been determined by the statistical examination of the interlaboratory test results, as documented in Table D-2. Table D-2. ASTM D1945-03 Precision for Natural Gas Samples 1 COMPONENT (MOLE %) REPEATABILITY REPRODUCIBILITY 0 to 0.09 0.01 0.02 0.1 to 0.9 0.04 0.07 1.0 to 4.9 0.07 0.10 5.0 to 10 0.08 0.12 Over 10 0.10 0.15 1 ASTM 1945-03, July 2003 b. ASTM D1946-90, Analysis of Reformed Gas by Gas Chromatography, (Reapproved 2006) This practice covers the determination of the chemical composition of reformed gases and similar gaseous mixtures containing the following components: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, and ethylene. Components in a sample of reformed gas are physically separated by gas chromatography and compared to corresponding components of a reference standard separated under identical operating conditions, using a reference standard mixture of known composition. The composition of the reformed gas is calculated by comparison of either the peak height or area response of each component with the corresponding value of that component in the reference standard. The chemical composition data can be used to calculate physical properties of the gas and its interchangeability with other fuel gases. The quality of data obtained by this method depends on the preparation of moisture-free and homogenous mixtures of known composition for comparison with the test sample. The fraction of a component in the reference standard should not be < 0.5 mole%, nor differ by more than 10 mole%, from the fraction of the corresponding component in the tested sample, and its composition should be known to within 0.01 mole% for any component. Method precision in terms of reproducibility and repeatability are provided in Table D-3 below. Table D-3. ASTM D1946-90 Precision for Reformed Gas Samples COMPONENT (MOLE %) REPEATABILITY REPRODUCIBILITY 0 to 1 0.05 0.1 1 to 5 0.1 0.2 5 to 25 0.3 0.5 Over 25 0.5 1.0 Pilot Version, September 2009 D-2
c. ASTM UOP539-97, Refinery Gas Analysis by Gas Chromatography This method is for determining the composition of refinery gas samples or expanded liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) samples that are obtained from refining processes or natural sources. It provides individual results for non-condensable gases, hydrogen sulfide, C1 through C4 hydrocarbons and C5 paraffins, while C5 olefins and C6+ hydrocarbons are provided as a composite. The method yields quantitative results from 0.1 to 99.9 mole% for a single component or composite, except for hydrogen sulfide that yields quantitative results between 0.1 and 25 mole%. d. ISO 6974, Natural Gas - Determination of composition with defined uncertainty by gas chromatography (October 2002) ISO 6974 consists of the following six parts: Part 1: Guidelines for tailored analysis. Part 2: Measuring-system characteristics and statistics for processing of data. Part 3: Determination of hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons up to C8 using two packed columns. Part 4: Determination of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and C1 to C5 and C6+ hydrocarbons for a laboratory and on-line measuring system using two columns. Part 5: Determination of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and C1 to C5 and C6+ hydrocarbons for a laboratory and on-line process application using three columns. Part 6: Determination of hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and C1 to C8 hydrocarbons using three capillary columns. ISO 6974 describes a gas chromatographic methods for the quantitative determination of the content of hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and C1 to C8 hydrocarbons in natural gas samples using two or three packed or capillary columns combinations. They are applicable to the analysis of gases containing constituents within the mole fraction ranges given in the respective parts of the standard, and is commonly used for laboratory applications. These ranges do not represent the limits of detection, but the limits within which the stated precision of the method applies. Although one or more components in a sample may not be present at detectable levels, the method can still be applicable. This method can also be applicable to the analysis of natural gas substitutes. For example, the set-up for the determination of hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons from C1 to C8 by gas chromatography using three capillary columns (part 6 of the standard) is as follows: − A PLOT precolumn is used for the separation of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and ethane (C 2 H 6 ); Pilot Version, September 2009 D-3
Page 1 and 2:
Prepared by the LEVON Group, LLC an
Page 3 and 4:
Table of Contents SECTION Page FORE
Page 5 and 6:
List of Tables SECTION Page 2-1 Ove
Page 7 and 8:
FOREWORD The global oil and natural
Page 9 and 10:
DOCUMENT AT A GLANCE This document
Page 11 and 12:
1.0 INTRODUCTION Policymakers use e
Page 13 and 14:
The Intergovernmental Panel on Clim
Page 15 and 16:
2.0 SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY There ar
Page 17 and 18:
Table 2-1. Overview of Methods Used
Page 19 and 20:
the uncertainty associated with cur
Page 21 and 22:
d. Data processing uncertainty Typi
Page 23 and 24:
d. Material Balance For some emissi
Page 25 and 26:
3.0 OVERVIEW OF MEASUREMENT PRACTIC
Page 27 and 28:
3.1 Flow Measurement Practices Cont
Page 29 and 30:
All these factors should be assesse
Page 31 and 32:
Table 3-1. Example of FFMS Combined
Page 33 and 34:
3.2 Uncertainties of Flow Measureme
Page 35 and 36:
Table 3-3. Compilation of Specifica
Page 37 and 38:
EXHIBIT 3-3: FACTORS TO CONSIDER WH
Page 39 and 40:
3.3.2 Quantifying Sampling Precisio
Page 41 and 42:
Table 3-4. Summary of Selected Carb
Page 43 and 44:
3.5 Heat Content Determination The
Page 45 and 46:
3.5.2 Computational Methods Heating
Page 47 and 48:
using standard methods, non-standar
Page 49 and 50:
0.6 0.4 0.2 Error 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6
Page 51 and 52:
s ± t × (Equation 4-1) n where s
Page 53 and 54:
4.2.1 Propagation Equations There a
Page 55 and 56:
For two terms that might be correla
Page 57 and 58:
EXHIBIT 4-1: Uncertainty Example fo
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Further guidance for assigning unce
Page 63 and 64:
4.4 Quantifying Measurement Uncerta
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Are the data based on a single poin
Page 71 and 72:
Two methods are compared. The first
Page 73 and 74:
. EXHIBIT 4-6: Uncertainty Example
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Table 4-13 shows the uncertainty in
Page 79 and 80:
Table 4-13. Comparison of Annual Em
Page 81 and 82:
• The evolution of activity and e
Page 83 and 84:
These guidelines concentrate solely
Page 85 and 86: (Reprinted from the API Compendium)
Page 87 and 88: Table 5-2. Onshore Oil Field (High
Page 89 and 90: associated with them are assigned b
Page 91 and 92: Table 5-4. Onshore Oil Field (High
Page 93 and 94: 5.2.4 Propagating Assymetric Uncert
Page 95 and 96: U( rel) = U( rel) + U( rel) + U( re
Page 97 and 98: Coke burn rate approach (Equation 5
Page 99 and 100: Wt% C ∑ lbmole x lbmole C 12 lb C
Page 101 and 102: The CO 2 emissions are calculated u
Page 103 and 104: GHG Emissions, tonnes/yr 60,000 50,
Page 105 and 106: vast majority of the uncertainty fo
Page 107 and 108: 6.0 REFERENCES AGA, 2008, Greenhous
Page 109 and 110: The Alberta Energy and Utilities Bo
Page 111 and 112: Appendix A GLOSSARY OF STATISTICAL
Page 117 and 118: APPENDIX B LIST OF INDUSTRY MEASURE
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 2.8B Establishment of the L
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 11.5.3 Chapter 12.1.1 Chapt
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 19.4 Chapter 20.1 RP 85 RP
Page 125 and 126: ISO 8222:2002 ISO 8697:1999 ISO 902
Page 127 and 128: ISO 7194:2008 Measurement of fluid
Page 129 and 130: ASTM D4292 ASTM D4892 ASTM D5002 AS
Page 131 and 132: APPENDIX C OPERATING CONDITIONS, IN
Page 133 and 134: Appendix C OPERATING CONDITIONS, IN
Page 135: Appendix D SELECT MEASUREMENT METHO
Page 139 and 140: interference between known componen
Page 141 and 142: maintained over the room temperatur
Page 143 and 144: APPENDIX E UNITS CONVERSION
Page 145 and 146: − Gasoline density (average) = 0.
Page 147 and 148: Appendix F UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION D
Page 149 and 150: The uncertainty for the heaters/reb
Page 151 and 152: ∑ 2 U ( abs) = U( abs) ∑(Wt%C)
Page 153 and 154: Combining the fuel usage for the tw
Page 155 and 156: Uncertainty Estimate of CO 2 e Emis
Page 157 and 158: U ( abs) = ( U ( abs) + U ( abs) +
Page 159 and 160: E E CO2e 219 tonne CO ⎛ 2 0.0108
Page 161 and 162: E CO 2 6 500× 10 scf gas lbmole ga
Page 163 and 164: • Fuel Economy (miles per gallon)
Page 165 and 166: Upper: U ( abs) = (U( abs) +U( abs)
Page 167 and 168: default CH 4 content is 5.53% from
Page 169 and 170: Uncertainty Estimate of CO 2 e Emis
Page 171 and 172: ( ) Urel ( ) = Urel ( ) = Urel ( )
Page 173 and 174: Uncertainty Estimate for CH 4 and C
Page 175 and 176: specific mole % for CH 4 and CO 2 i
Page 177 and 178: E CO2 0.07239 tonne CH 4 tonne mole
Page 179 and 180: U ( rel) = U( rel) +U( rel) +U( rel
Page 181 and 182: Table F-14. Fugitive Emission and U
Page 183 and 184: U ( abs) = (U( abs) +U( abs) +U( ab
Page 185 and 186: Table F-15. Onshore Oil Field (High
show all

addressing uncertainty in oil and natural gas industry greenhouse

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?