addressing uncertainty in oil and natural gas industry greenhouse

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− − − If the method is set up to provide information only on hydrocarbon species, the CO 2 content should be obtained by an independent measurement and added to the fuel carbon content data; If the method is capable of a quantitative determination of CH 4 content, these data can be used separately for calculating evaporative and processing leaks along with venting losses; and All carbon content measurement data should be used in conjunction with the applicable fuel flow measurements when calculating emissions. 3.4.1 Laboratory-Based Measurements Several ASTM and ISO methods are available for determining the composition and carbon content in the natural gas range as well as for liquid and solid fuels. Although the terms “repeatability” and “reproducibility” are applicable to all measurement situations (see Appendix A for terminology and definitions), they are used here in the context in which they are defined in ASTM standards: − − Repeatability is defined as the difference between two successive results obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test materials, and Reproducibility is the difference between two results obtained by different operators in different laboratories on identical test materials. When using a natural gas measurement method for refinery fuel gas, care should be taken to ensure that the range of compositions of individual components is within the bounds specified by the method. Table 3-4 lists selected commonly used laboratory measurement methods that are frequently used for the determination of fuel carbon content. Additional details about these methods and further discussions of their main features are provided in Appendix D. Pilot Version, September 2009 3-16
Table 3-4. Summary of Selected Carbon Content Measurement Methods METHOD TITLE BRIEF DESCRIPTION MEASUREMENT PRECISION a ASTM 1945-03 Analysis of Natural Gas by Gas Chromatography − − Repeatability ranges from 0.01- 0.10 mole% ASTM 1946-90 (Reapproved 2006) ASTM UOP539-97 ISO 6974 (Six parts) ASTM D2650-04 ASTM D5291 - 02 (2007) Analysis of Reformed Gas by Gas Chromatography Refinery Gas Analysis by Gas Chromatography Natural Gas - Determination of composition with Defined Uncertainty by Gas Chromatography Standard Test Method for Chemical Composition of Gases by Mass Spectrometry Standard Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products and Lubricants − − − − − − − − Covers the determination of the chemical composition of natural gases and similar gaseous mixtures within specified ranges of applicable composition for individual components Used for determination of chemical composition of reformed gases and similar gaseous mixtures Applicable to mixtures containing: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, and ethylene Used for determining the composition of refinery gas samples or expanded liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) samples obtained from refining processes or natural sources Describes a gas chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of the content of hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and C1 to C8 hydrocarbons in natural gas samples Uses either two or three packed or capillary columns combinations Applicable for the quantitative analysis of gases containing specific combinations of the following components: hydrogen; hydrocarbons (up to 6-Csper molecule); CO; CO 2 ; mercaptans (1-2 Cs per molecule); H 2 S; and air (N 2 , O 2 , and Ar) Applicable to samples such as crude oils, fuel oils, additives, and residues for carbon and hydrogen and nitrogen analysis Tested in the concentration range of at least 75 - 87 wt% carbon, at least 9 - 16 wt% hydrogen, and 0.1 - 2 wt% nitrogen − − − Reproducibility ranges from 0.02-0.12 mole% Repeatability ranges from 0.05 - 0.5 mole% Reproducibility ranges from 0.1 - 1.0 mole% − Quantification from 0.1- 99.9 mole% for a single component or composite − For hydrogen sulfide, quantitative results between 0.1-25 mole% − Relative repeatability: 2% for species < 1.0mole%; 0.8% for species 1-50mole% − Relative reproducibility: 4% for species < 1.0mole% 1.6% for species 1-50mole% − − − − NOT applicable for constituents < 0.1 mole%. Developed on a specific type of MS Users have to modify for their instrument. NOT recommended for the analysis of volatile materials such as gasoline, gasolineoxygenate blends, or gasoline type aviation turbine fuels a Measurement precision data is provided as an indication of attainable precision if all steps of the methodology are adhered to as described in the methods procedures. Pilot Version, September 2009 3-17
Page 1 and 2: Prepared by the LEVON Group, LLC an
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents SECTION Page FORE
Page 5 and 6: List of Tables SECTION Page 2-1 Ove
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD The global oil and natural
Page 9 and 10: DOCUMENT AT A GLANCE This document
Page 11 and 12: 1.0 INTRODUCTION Policymakers use e
Page 13 and 14: The Intergovernmental Panel on Clim
Page 15 and 16: 2.0 SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY There ar
Page 17 and 18: Table 2-1. Overview of Methods Used
Page 19 and 20: the uncertainty associated with cur
Page 21 and 22: d. Data processing uncertainty Typi
Page 23 and 24: d. Material Balance For some emissi
Page 25 and 26: 3.0 OVERVIEW OF MEASUREMENT PRACTIC
Page 27 and 28: 3.1 Flow Measurement Practices Cont
Page 29 and 30: All these factors should be assesse
Page 31 and 32: Table 3-1. Example of FFMS Combined
Page 33 and 34: 3.2 Uncertainties of Flow Measureme
Page 35 and 36: Table 3-3. Compilation of Specifica
Page 37 and 38: EXHIBIT 3-3: FACTORS TO CONSIDER WH
Page 39: 3.3.2 Quantifying Sampling Precisio
Page 43 and 44: 3.5 Heat Content Determination The
Page 45 and 46: 3.5.2 Computational Methods Heating
Page 47 and 48: using standard methods, non-standar
Page 49 and 50: 0.6 0.4 0.2 Error 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6
Page 51 and 52: s ± t × (Equation 4-1) n where s
Page 53 and 54: 4.2.1 Propagation Equations There a
Page 55 and 56: For two terms that might be correla
Page 57 and 58: EXHIBIT 4-1: Uncertainty Example fo
Page 61 and 62: Further guidance for assigning unce
Page 63 and 64: 4.4 Quantifying Measurement Uncerta
Page 69 and 70: Are the data based on a single poin
Page 71 and 72: Two methods are compared. The first
Page 73 and 74: . EXHIBIT 4-6: Uncertainty Example
Page 77 and 78: Table 4-13 shows the uncertainty in
Page 79 and 80: Table 4-13. Comparison of Annual Em
Page 81 and 82: • The evolution of activity and e
Page 83 and 84: These guidelines concentrate solely
Page 85 and 86: (Reprinted from the API Compendium)
Page 87 and 88: Table 5-2. Onshore Oil Field (High
Page 89 and 90: associated with them are assigned b
Page 91 and 92:
Table 5-4. Onshore Oil Field (High
Page 93 and 94:
5.2.4 Propagating Assymetric Uncert
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U( rel) = U( rel) + U( rel) + U( re
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Coke burn rate approach (Equation 5
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Wt% C ∑ lbmole x lbmole C 12 lb C
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The CO 2 emissions are calculated u
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GHG Emissions, tonnes/yr 60,000 50,
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vast majority of the uncertainty fo
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6.0 REFERENCES AGA, 2008, Greenhous
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The Alberta Energy and Utilities Bo
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Appendix A GLOSSARY OF STATISTICAL
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Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
APPENDIX B LIST OF INDUSTRY MEASURE
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Chapter 2.8B Establishment of the L
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Chapter 11.5.3 Chapter 12.1.1 Chapt
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Chapter 19.4 Chapter 20.1 RP 85 RP
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ISO 8222:2002 ISO 8697:1999 ISO 902
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ISO 7194:2008 Measurement of fluid
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ASTM D4292 ASTM D4892 ASTM D5002 AS
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APPENDIX C OPERATING CONDITIONS, IN
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Appendix C OPERATING CONDITIONS, IN
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Appendix D SELECT MEASUREMENT METHO
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c. ASTM UOP539-97, Refinery Gas Ana
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interference between known componen
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maintained over the room temperatur
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APPENDIX E UNITS CONVERSION
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− Gasoline density (average) = 0.
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Appendix F UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION D
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The uncertainty for the heaters/reb
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∑ 2 U ( abs) = U( abs) ∑(Wt%C)
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Combining the fuel usage for the tw
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Uncertainty Estimate of CO 2 e Emis
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U ( abs) = ( U ( abs) + U ( abs) +
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E E CO2e 219 tonne CO ⎛ 2 0.0108
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E CO 2 6 500× 10 scf gas lbmole ga
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• Fuel Economy (miles per gallon)
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Upper: U ( abs) = (U( abs) +U( abs)
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default CH 4 content is 5.53% from
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Uncertainty Estimate of CO 2 e Emis
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( ) Urel ( ) = Urel ( ) = Urel ( )
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Uncertainty Estimate for CH 4 and C
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specific mole % for CH 4 and CO 2 i
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E CO2 0.07239 tonne CH 4 tonne mole
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U ( rel) = U( rel) +U( rel) +U( rel
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Table F-14. Fugitive Emission and U
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U ( abs) = (U( abs) +U( abs) +U( ab
Page 185 and 186:
Table F-15. Onshore Oil Field (High
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