addressing uncertainty in oil and natural gas industry greenhouse

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− − A molecular sieve PLOT column is used for the separation of the permanent gases helium (He), hydrogen (H 2 ), oxygen (O 2 ), nitrogen (N 2 ), and methane (CH 4 ). A thick film WCOT2) column coated with an apolar phase is used for the separation of the C3 to C8 (and heavier) hydrocarbons. The permanent gases helium (He), hydrogen (H 2 ), oxygen (O 2 ), nitrogen (N 2 ), and methane (CH 4 ) are detected with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD). The C2 to C8 hydrocarbons are detected with a flame ionization detector (FID). For the analysis of natural gas substitutes, carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) are detected using an FID after reduction of the components to CH 4 by a methanizer. Use of a methanizer makes it possible to detect CO and CO 2 at mole fractions greater than 0,001%. If the samples do not include CO or CO 2 , or if the CO and/or the CO 2 mole fraction exceeds 0,02%, a methanizer is not required. CO and CO 2 may then alternatively be detected with the TCD. When analyzing natural gas substitutes, the PLOT column described in 3.1 can also be used for the separation of ethyne (C 2 H 2 ) and ethene (C 2 H 4 ) and the molecular sieve PLOT column can also be used for the analysis of carbon monoxide (CO). Typical precision values for this method are provided in Table A.1 of the standard. These values have been obtained from practical experience and give an indication of the performance of the method. As such, they cannot be compared with precision values mentioned in informative annexes of other parts of ISO 6974, as they are very much dependent on the quality of the calibration gases used and the laboratory skills. For specifies concentrations < 1.0 mole%, the relative repeatability and reproducibility is expected to be 2 and 4%, respectively. For higher concentrations, ranging from 1-50 mole%, the relative repeatability and reproducibility are around 0.8 and 1.6% respectively. e. ASTM D2650 – 04, Standard Test Method for Chemical Composition of Gases By Mass Spectrometry (November 2004) This test method is applicable for the quantitative analysis of gases containing specific combinations of the following components: hydrogen; hydrocarbons with up to six carbon atoms per molecule; carbon monoxide; carbon dioxide; mercaptans with one or two carbon atoms per molecule; hydrogen sulfide; and air (nitrogen, oxygen, and argon). This test method is not applicable for the determination of constituents that are present in amounts less than 0.1 mole %. This test method was developed on a specific type of Mass Spectrometer, thus users of other instruments may have to modify operating parameters and the calibration procedure and adapt it to their instrument. The method sets out the experimental procedures, while the calculation procedures will depend on the knowledge of qualitative mixture composition; errors due to components presumed absent; minimum cross Pilot Version, September 2009 D-4
interference between known components; maximum sensitivity to known components; low frequency and complexity of calibration; and type of computing system available. The standard includes a tabulation of calculation procedures that are recommended for stated applications. f. ASTM D5291 – 02, Standard Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products and Lubricants, (2007) This ASTM standard covers the simultaneous determination of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in petroleum products and lubricants. The results, expressed as total carbon, total hydrogen, and total nitrogen, are useful in determining the complex nature of sample types covered by this test method, and can also be used to determine the total carbon content that could be converted to CO 2 upon combustion of the product. These test methods are applicable to samples such as crude oils, fuel oils, additives, and residues for carbon and hydrogen and nitrogen analysis. These test methods were tested in the concentration range of at least 75 to 87-wt% for carbon, at least 9 to 16-wt% for hydrogen, and 0.1 to 2-wt% for nitrogen. These test methods are not recommended for the analysis of volatile materials such as gasoline, gasoline-oxygenate blends, or gasoline type aviation turbine fuels. D.2 Heating Value Measurement Methods a. ASTM D4891 – 89, Test Method for Heating Value of Gases in Natural Gas Range by Stoichiometric Combustion, (Reapproved 2006) This test method covers the determination of the heating value of natural gases and similar gaseous mixtures within the range of composition shown in Table D-4. Table D-4. ASTM D4891-89 Range of Composition for Natural Gas Components COMPOUND CONCENTRATION RANGE (MOLE, %) Helium 0.01 to 5 Nitrogen 0.01 to 20 Carbon dioxide 0.01 to 10 Methane 50 to 100 Ethane 0.01 to 20 Propane 0.01 to 20 n-butane 0.01 to 10 isobutane 0.01 to 10 n-pentane 0.01 to 2 isopentane 0.01 to 2 Hexanes and heavier 0.01 to 2 Pilot Version, September 2009 D-5
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Prepared by the LEVON Group, LLC an
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Table of Contents SECTION Page FORE
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List of Tables SECTION Page 2-1 Ove
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FOREWORD The global oil and natural
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DOCUMENT AT A GLANCE This document
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1.0 INTRODUCTION Policymakers use e
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The Intergovernmental Panel on Clim
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2.0 SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY There ar
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Table 2-1. Overview of Methods Used
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the uncertainty associated with cur
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d. Data processing uncertainty Typi
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d. Material Balance For some emissi
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3.0 OVERVIEW OF MEASUREMENT PRACTIC
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3.1 Flow Measurement Practices Cont
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All these factors should be assesse
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Table 3-1. Example of FFMS Combined
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3.2 Uncertainties of Flow Measureme
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Table 3-3. Compilation of Specifica
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EXHIBIT 3-3: FACTORS TO CONSIDER WH
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3.3.2 Quantifying Sampling Precisio
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Table 3-4. Summary of Selected Carb
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3.5 Heat Content Determination The
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3.5.2 Computational Methods Heating
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using standard methods, non-standar
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0.6 0.4 0.2 Error 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6
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s ± t × (Equation 4-1) n where s
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4.2.1 Propagation Equations There a
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For two terms that might be correla
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EXHIBIT 4-1: Uncertainty Example fo
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Further guidance for assigning unce
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4.4 Quantifying Measurement Uncerta
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Are the data based on a single poin
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Two methods are compared. The first
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. EXHIBIT 4-6: Uncertainty Example
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Table 4-13 shows the uncertainty in
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Table 4-13. Comparison of Annual Em
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• The evolution of activity and e
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These guidelines concentrate solely
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(Reprinted from the API Compendium)
Page 87 and 88: Table 5-2. Onshore Oil Field (High
Page 89 and 90: associated with them are assigned b
Page 91 and 92: Table 5-4. Onshore Oil Field (High
Page 93 and 94: 5.2.4 Propagating Assymetric Uncert
Page 95 and 96: U( rel) = U( rel) + U( rel) + U( re
Page 97 and 98: Coke burn rate approach (Equation 5
Page 99 and 100: Wt% C ∑ lbmole x lbmole C 12 lb C
Page 101 and 102: The CO 2 emissions are calculated u
Page 103 and 104: GHG Emissions, tonnes/yr 60,000 50,
Page 105 and 106: vast majority of the uncertainty fo
Page 107 and 108: 6.0 REFERENCES AGA, 2008, Greenhous
Page 109 and 110: The Alberta Energy and Utilities Bo
Page 111 and 112: Appendix A GLOSSARY OF STATISTICAL
Page 117 and 118: APPENDIX B LIST OF INDUSTRY MEASURE
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 2.8B Establishment of the L
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 11.5.3 Chapter 12.1.1 Chapt
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 19.4 Chapter 20.1 RP 85 RP
Page 125 and 126: ISO 8222:2002 ISO 8697:1999 ISO 902
Page 127 and 128: ISO 7194:2008 Measurement of fluid
Page 129 and 130: ASTM D4292 ASTM D4892 ASTM D5002 AS
Page 131 and 132: APPENDIX C OPERATING CONDITIONS, IN
Page 133 and 134: Appendix C OPERATING CONDITIONS, IN
Page 135 and 136: Appendix D SELECT MEASUREMENT METHO
Page 137: c. ASTM UOP539-97, Refinery Gas Ana
Page 141 and 142: maintained over the room temperatur
Page 143 and 144: APPENDIX E UNITS CONVERSION
Page 145 and 146: − Gasoline density (average) = 0.
Page 147 and 148: Appendix F UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION D
Page 149 and 150: The uncertainty for the heaters/reb
Page 151 and 152: ∑ 2 U ( abs) = U( abs) ∑(Wt%C)
Page 153 and 154: Combining the fuel usage for the tw
Page 155 and 156: Uncertainty Estimate of CO 2 e Emis
Page 157 and 158: U ( abs) = ( U ( abs) + U ( abs) +
Page 159 and 160: E E CO2e 219 tonne CO ⎛ 2 0.0108
Page 161 and 162: E CO 2 6 500× 10 scf gas lbmole ga
Page 163 and 164: • Fuel Economy (miles per gallon)
Page 165 and 166: Upper: U ( abs) = (U( abs) +U( abs)
Page 167 and 168: default CH 4 content is 5.53% from
Page 169 and 170: Uncertainty Estimate of CO 2 e Emis
Page 171 and 172: ( ) Urel ( ) = Urel ( ) = Urel ( )
Page 173 and 174: Uncertainty Estimate for CH 4 and C
Page 175 and 176: specific mole % for CH 4 and CO 2 i
Page 177 and 178: E CO2 0.07239 tonne CH 4 tonne mole
Page 179 and 180: U ( rel) = U( rel) +U( rel) +U( rel
Page 181 and 182: Table F-14. Fugitive Emission and U
Page 183 and 184: U ( abs) = (U( abs) +U( abs) +U( ab
Page 185 and 186: Table F-15. Onshore Oil Field (High
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