addressing uncertainty in oil and natural gas industry greenhouse

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METER TYPE Vortex meter (Expected life span: 10 years) Gas Meter with Electronic Volume Conversion Instrument (EVCI) (Expected life span: 10 years) Table 3-3. Compilation of Specifications for Common Flow Meters, a continued MEDIUM TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION MANUFACTURERS’ REPORTED ERRORS B Gas Vortex flow meters are one of the few types of 10-100% of the meters, besides differential pressure, that can measurement range: 2% accurately measure the flow of liquid, steam, and gas. Vortex flow meters operate on the von Karman principle of fluid behavior, where the presence of obstacles in the fluid path generates a series of vortices called the von Karman street. To compute the flow rate, vortex flow meters count the number of vortices generated. Gas An electronic device designed for the primary purpose of converting a volume of gas measured at one set of conditions to a volume of gas expressed at another set of conditions. The device incorporates integral (internal or external) temperature and/or pressure measurement transducers. It may be directly mounted onto a single meter (with mechanical drive or magnetic drive coupling) or connected to a remotely located meter from which it is fed volumetric pulses. The device may perform additional functions such as super compressibility correction, meter accuracy curve correction (linearization), and energy calculations. For 0.95-11 bar and -10 – 40°C: 0.5% Notes: a Based on material presented in Appendix I of the ETSG, July 2007 survey summary document and sources cited. b The error levels specified are those reported by the manufacturers when instruments are calibrated under laboratory conditions. As indicated in Section 3.1.2 (Exhibit 3-2), a few key steps that should be followed to determine the combined uncertainty associated with individual flow measurements. An expanded list of factors that ought to be considered when evaluating the uncertainty of flow measurements that are used for GHG emission calculations are provided in Exhibit 3-3. Pilot Version, September 2009 3-12
EXHIBIT 3-3: FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN EVALUATING UNCERTAINTY OF FLOW MEASUREMENTS USED FOR GHG EMISSION CALCULATIONS a) Confidence range of the measurement instrument − Manufacturers’ anticipated measurement errors for common flow meters could be used (Table 3-3) if on-site calibration data are not available b) Errors associated with “context-specific” factors Such factors may include the following considerations: − Are measurement instruments installed according to the manufacturer’s requirements? − − Is the measurement instrument designed for the medium (gas, liquid, solid substance) for which it is being used? If manufacturer’s data are not available, are the instruments operated according to the general requirements applicable to that measurement principle? − Are there any other factors that can have adverse consequences on the uncertainty of the measurement instrument? (i.e., how the measurement instrument is used in practice). c) Pressure and temperature corrections for gas meters − Pressure and temperature corrections are only applicable to the determination of the amount of gas and not to the measurement of liquids or solid substances. − The actual amount of gas flow has to be corrected for pressure and temperature to the specified standard conditions in order to avoid major systematic errors. d) Determination of total uncertainties − Individual uncertainties determined in a), b), and c) above ought to be summed up to determine the total uncertainty of the individual quantity measured. The discussion above pertains to single flow measuring device uncertainty. Additional analyses are required to convert this individual measurement uncertainty to an assessment of the uncertainty range of annual measurements. Detailed guidance on the calculation steps is provided in Section 4. 3.3 Uncertainties of Sampling and Analysis for GHG Emissions The emission measurement process comprises either direct measurement at the source level of collection of samples and their analysis in the laboratory to determine mass emissions. Sampling and analysis are part of the same measurement process and their combined contribution to emissions estimation uncertainty is obtained by their combined variances, as detailed in Section 4.0. Emission measurement uncertainties for processes of sampling and analysis depend on random errors, measurement precision, and systematic errors or bias. 3.3.1 Gaseous Samples Collection and Handling Proper collection and handling of natural gas samples could have a major impact on the accuracy and representativeness of the analytical measurements based on these samples. Analyses of gas samples are used for multiple purposes and are applied to a variety of calculations including determination of heating Pilot Version, September 2009 3-13
Page 1 and 2: Prepared by the LEVON Group, LLC an
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents SECTION Page FORE
Page 5 and 6: List of Tables SECTION Page 2-1 Ove
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD The global oil and natural
Page 9 and 10: DOCUMENT AT A GLANCE This document
Page 11 and 12: 1.0 INTRODUCTION Policymakers use e
Page 13 and 14: The Intergovernmental Panel on Clim
Page 15 and 16: 2.0 SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY There ar
Page 17 and 18: Table 2-1. Overview of Methods Used
Page 19 and 20: the uncertainty associated with cur
Page 21 and 22: d. Data processing uncertainty Typi
Page 23 and 24: d. Material Balance For some emissi
Page 25 and 26: 3.0 OVERVIEW OF MEASUREMENT PRACTIC
Page 27 and 28: 3.1 Flow Measurement Practices Cont
Page 29 and 30: All these factors should be assesse
Page 31 and 32: Table 3-1. Example of FFMS Combined
Page 33 and 34: 3.2 Uncertainties of Flow Measureme
Page 35: Table 3-3. Compilation of Specifica
Page 39 and 40: 3.3.2 Quantifying Sampling Precisio
Page 41 and 42: Table 3-4. Summary of Selected Carb
Page 43 and 44: 3.5 Heat Content Determination The
Page 45 and 46: 3.5.2 Computational Methods Heating
Page 47 and 48: using standard methods, non-standar
Page 49 and 50: 0.6 0.4 0.2 Error 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6
Page 51 and 52: s ± t × (Equation 4-1) n where s
Page 53 and 54: 4.2.1 Propagation Equations There a
Page 55 and 56: For two terms that might be correla
Page 57 and 58: EXHIBIT 4-1: Uncertainty Example fo
Page 61 and 62: Further guidance for assigning unce
Page 63 and 64: 4.4 Quantifying Measurement Uncerta
Page 69 and 70: Are the data based on a single poin
Page 71 and 72: Two methods are compared. The first
Page 73 and 74: . EXHIBIT 4-6: Uncertainty Example
Page 77 and 78: Table 4-13 shows the uncertainty in
Page 79 and 80: Table 4-13. Comparison of Annual Em
Page 81 and 82: • The evolution of activity and e
Page 83 and 84: These guidelines concentrate solely
Page 85 and 86: (Reprinted from the API Compendium)
Page 87 and 88:
Table 5-2. Onshore Oil Field (High
Page 89 and 90:
associated with them are assigned b
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Table 5-4. Onshore Oil Field (High
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5.2.4 Propagating Assymetric Uncert
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U( rel) = U( rel) + U( rel) + U( re
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Coke burn rate approach (Equation 5
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Wt% C ∑ lbmole x lbmole C 12 lb C
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The CO 2 emissions are calculated u
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GHG Emissions, tonnes/yr 60,000 50,
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vast majority of the uncertainty fo
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6.0 REFERENCES AGA, 2008, Greenhous
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The Alberta Energy and Utilities Bo
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Appendix A GLOSSARY OF STATISTICAL
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Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
APPENDIX B LIST OF INDUSTRY MEASURE
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Chapter 2.8B Establishment of the L
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Chapter 11.5.3 Chapter 12.1.1 Chapt
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Chapter 19.4 Chapter 20.1 RP 85 RP
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ISO 8222:2002 ISO 8697:1999 ISO 902
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ISO 7194:2008 Measurement of fluid
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ASTM D4292 ASTM D4892 ASTM D5002 AS
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APPENDIX C OPERATING CONDITIONS, IN
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Appendix C OPERATING CONDITIONS, IN
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Appendix D SELECT MEASUREMENT METHO
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c. ASTM UOP539-97, Refinery Gas Ana
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interference between known componen
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maintained over the room temperatur
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APPENDIX E UNITS CONVERSION
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− Gasoline density (average) = 0.
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Appendix F UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION D
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The uncertainty for the heaters/reb
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∑ 2 U ( abs) = U( abs) ∑(Wt%C)
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Combining the fuel usage for the tw
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Uncertainty Estimate of CO 2 e Emis
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U ( abs) = ( U ( abs) + U ( abs) +
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E E CO2e 219 tonne CO ⎛ 2 0.0108
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E CO 2 6 500× 10 scf gas lbmole ga
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• Fuel Economy (miles per gallon)
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Upper: U ( abs) = (U( abs) +U( abs)
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default CH 4 content is 5.53% from
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Uncertainty Estimate of CO 2 e Emis
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( ) Urel ( ) = Urel ( ) = Urel ( )
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Uncertainty Estimate for CH 4 and C
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specific mole % for CH 4 and CO 2 i
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E CO2 0.07239 tonne CH 4 tonne mole
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U ( rel) = U( rel) +U( rel) +U( rel
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Table F-14. Fugitive Emission and U
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U ( abs) = (U( abs) +U( abs) +U( ab
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Table F-15. Onshore Oil Field (High
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