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U ( abs) = U ( abs) + U ( abs) 2 2 Composition Re producibility Variability U abs 0.4176 Urel ( ) = × 100% = 5.22% 8 2 2 ( ) Ethane = 0.12 + 0.4 = 0.4176 mole% dry Reproducibility Uncertainty (abs), mole% Table 5-6. Composition Data Variability Uncertainty (U abs =mole%×5%) Combined Uncertainty (rel) (applies to MW) MW Calculation, lb/lbmole wt% Carbon Calculation, % wt% C U(rel) Methane 85 0.15 4.25 5.00% 13.6340 53.96 6.24% Ethane 8 0.12 0.4 5.22% 2.4056 10.16 6.41% Butane 3 0.1 0.15 6.01% 1.7436 7.62 7.07% N 2 4 0.1 0.2 5.59% 1.1200 0.00 6.72% Total 100 18.9032 71.7339 Sum uncertainty (abs) 0.7042 3.4704 Sum uncertainty (rel) 3.73% 4.84% The molecular weight of the gas is calculated by applying the following equation: MW Mixture = 1 100 × # compounds ∑( Mole% i × MWi ) i= 1 This results in 18.9 lb/lbmole, as shown in Table 5-6. For each individual gas compound, the relative uncertainty of the mole% i × MW i is equivalent to the combined reproducibility and variability uncertainties, since the molecular weight of each gas compound is a constant. The aggregated uncertainty associated with the mixture’s MW is calculated by applying Equation 4-4, using the absolute uncertainties for each molar compound. U ( abs) = U ( abs) ∑( MW Total ) 2 mole% × MW U ( abs) = (0.0500× 13.6340) + (0.0522× 2.4056) + (0.0601× 1.7436) + (0.0559× 1.12) ∑( MW Total ) U abs 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ( ) = (0.6821) + (0.1256) + (0.1048) + (0.0626) = 0.7042 ( MW Total ) ∑ Urel ( ) ∑ ( MW Total ) ∑ 0.7042 = 100% 3.73% 18.9032 × = The weight percent carbon of the average composition is calculated by applying the following equation: Pilot Version, September 2009 5-15
Wt% C ∑ lbmole x lbmole C 12 lb C 1 i Total = × × × 100 lbmole total lbmolei lbmole C MWTotal This equates to 71.7% C, as shown in Table 5-6. For each compound in the gas mixture, the uncertainty from this calculation is determined by applying Equation 4-6, using the relative uncertainties of the lbmole i and MW Total . This is demonstrated for ethane. UR ( e lWt ) % C= Urel ( ) × Urel ( ) = 5.22 + 3.73 = 6.41% 2 2 2 2 i mole% i MW Total The uncertainty associated with the wt% C of the mixture is calculated by applying Equation 4-4, using the absolute uncertainties for the weight percent carbon of each molar compound. ∑ 2 U ( abs) = U ( abs) ( %) Wt% ∑ wt U ( abs) = (0.0624× 53.96) + (0.0641× 10.16) + (0.0707× 7.62) + (0.0672× 0) ∑( wt%) U ( abs) = 3.4704 ∑( wt%) 3.4704 Urel ( ) = × 100% = 4.84% ∑( Wt %) 71.7339 2 2 2 2 The uncertainties associated with the composition are used in the following comparison of the emission estimation methodologies for H 2 plants. Uncertainty for H 2 Plant Emissions – Feedstock Rate Approach (API Compendium Equation 5-8) The CO 2 emissions can be calculated using the feedstock rate and carbon content, applying Equation 5-8 from the API Compendium: E E CO2 CO2 9 3× 10 scf = yr lbmole × 379.3 = 178,336 tonnes CO 2 feed scf / yr 18.9 lb × lbmole feed 0.7173 lb C 44 lb CO × × feed lb feed 12 lb C 2 tonne × 2204.62 lb The CO 2 uncertainty is then calculated by applying Equation 4-6 and using the relative uncertainty values. Urel ( ) = Urel ( ) + Urel ( ) + Urel ( ) Urel CO 2 2 2 2 2 Feedstock rate MW feedstock C content feedstock 2 2 2 ( ) CO = 15 + 3.73 + 4.84 = 16.2% Uncertainty for H 2 Plant Emissions – H 2 Production Approach (API Compendium Equation 5-9) A second approach for estimating emissions associated with a hydrogen plant is based on the H 2 production rate rather than the feedstock rate. This approach applies the stoichiometric ratio of H 2 formed to CO 2 Pilot Version, September 2009 5-16
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Prepared by the LEVON Group, LLC an
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Table of Contents SECTION Page FORE
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List of Tables SECTION Page 2-1 Ove
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FOREWORD The global oil and natural
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DOCUMENT AT A GLANCE This document
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1.0 INTRODUCTION Policymakers use e
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The Intergovernmental Panel on Clim
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2.0 SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY There ar
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Table 2-1. Overview of Methods Used
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the uncertainty associated with cur
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d. Data processing uncertainty Typi
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d. Material Balance For some emissi
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3.0 OVERVIEW OF MEASUREMENT PRACTIC
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3.1 Flow Measurement Practices Cont
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All these factors should be assesse
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Table 3-1. Example of FFMS Combined
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3.2 Uncertainties of Flow Measureme
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Table 3-3. Compilation of Specifica
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EXHIBIT 3-3: FACTORS TO CONSIDER WH
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3.3.2 Quantifying Sampling Precisio
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Table 3-4. Summary of Selected Carb
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3.5 Heat Content Determination The
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3.5.2 Computational Methods Heating
Page 47 and 48: using standard methods, non-standar
Page 49 and 50: 0.6 0.4 0.2 Error 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6
Page 51 and 52: s ± t × (Equation 4-1) n where s
Page 53 and 54: 4.2.1 Propagation Equations There a
Page 55 and 56: For two terms that might be correla
Page 57 and 58: EXHIBIT 4-1: Uncertainty Example fo
Page 61 and 62: Further guidance for assigning unce
Page 63 and 64: 4.4 Quantifying Measurement Uncerta
Page 69 and 70: Are the data based on a single poin
Page 71 and 72: Two methods are compared. The first
Page 73 and 74: . EXHIBIT 4-6: Uncertainty Example
Page 77 and 78: Table 4-13 shows the uncertainty in
Page 79 and 80: Table 4-13. Comparison of Annual Em
Page 81 and 82: • The evolution of activity and e
Page 83 and 84: These guidelines concentrate solely
Page 85 and 86: (Reprinted from the API Compendium)
Page 87 and 88: Table 5-2. Onshore Oil Field (High
Page 89 and 90: associated with them are assigned b
Page 91 and 92: Table 5-4. Onshore Oil Field (High
Page 93 and 94: 5.2.4 Propagating Assymetric Uncert
Page 95 and 96: U( rel) = U( rel) + U( rel) + U( re
Page 97: Coke burn rate approach (Equation 5
Page 101 and 102: The CO 2 emissions are calculated u
Page 103 and 104: GHG Emissions, tonnes/yr 60,000 50,
Page 105 and 106: vast majority of the uncertainty fo
Page 107 and 108: 6.0 REFERENCES AGA, 2008, Greenhous
Page 109 and 110: The Alberta Energy and Utilities Bo
Page 111 and 112: Appendix A GLOSSARY OF STATISTICAL
Page 117 and 118: APPENDIX B LIST OF INDUSTRY MEASURE
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 2.8B Establishment of the L
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 11.5.3 Chapter 12.1.1 Chapt
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 19.4 Chapter 20.1 RP 85 RP
Page 125 and 126: ISO 8222:2002 ISO 8697:1999 ISO 902
Page 127 and 128: ISO 7194:2008 Measurement of fluid
Page 129 and 130: ASTM D4292 ASTM D4892 ASTM D5002 AS
Page 131 and 132: APPENDIX C OPERATING CONDITIONS, IN
Page 133 and 134: Appendix C OPERATING CONDITIONS, IN
Page 135 and 136: Appendix D SELECT MEASUREMENT METHO
Page 137 and 138: c. ASTM UOP539-97, Refinery Gas Ana
Page 139 and 140: interference between known componen
Page 141 and 142: maintained over the room temperatur
Page 143 and 144: APPENDIX E UNITS CONVERSION
Page 145 and 146: − Gasoline density (average) = 0.
Page 147 and 148: Appendix F UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION D
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The uncertainty for the heaters/reb
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∑ 2 U ( abs) = U( abs) ∑(Wt%C)
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Combining the fuel usage for the tw
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Uncertainty Estimate of CO 2 e Emis
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U ( abs) = ( U ( abs) + U ( abs) +
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E E CO2e 219 tonne CO ⎛ 2 0.0108
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E CO 2 6 500× 10 scf gas lbmole ga
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• Fuel Economy (miles per gallon)
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Upper: U ( abs) = (U( abs) +U( abs)
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default CH 4 content is 5.53% from
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Uncertainty Estimate of CO 2 e Emis
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( ) Urel ( ) = Urel ( ) = Urel ( )
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Uncertainty Estimate for CH 4 and C
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specific mole % for CH 4 and CO 2 i
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E CO2 0.07239 tonne CH 4 tonne mole
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U ( rel) = U( rel) +U( rel) +U( rel
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Table F-14. Fugitive Emission and U
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U ( abs) = (U( abs) +U( abs) +U( ab
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Table F-15. Onshore Oil Field (High
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