addressing uncertainty in oil and natural gas industry greenhouse

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Energy units Quantities • 1.0 calorie = 4.187 J Appendix E UNITS CONVERSION 3 • 1.0 gigajoule (GJ) = 10 9 joules = 0.948 million Btu = 239 million calories = 278 kWh • 1.0 British thermal unit (Btu) = 1055 joules (1.055 kJ) • 1.0 Quad = One quadrillion Btu (10 15 Btu) = 1.055 exajoules (EJ) − Approximately 172 million barrels of oil equivalent (boe) • 1000 Btu/lb = 2.33 gigajoules per tonne (GJ/t) • 1000 Btu/US gallon = 0.279 megajoules per liter (MJ/l) Power • 1.0 watt = 1.0 joule/second = 3.413 Btu/hr • 1.0 kilowatt (kW) = 3413 Btu/hr = 1.341 horsepower • 1.0 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 3.6 MJ = 3413 Btu • 1.0 horsepower (hp) = 550 foot-pounds per second = 2545 Btu per hour = 745.7watts = 0.746kW Energy Costs • $1.00 per million Btu = $0.948/GJ • $1.00/GJ = $1.055 per million Btu Common units of measure • 1.0 U.S. ton (short ton) = 2000 pounds • 1.0 imperial ton (long ton or shipping ton) = 2240 pounds • 1.0 metric tonne (tonne) = 1000 kilograms = 2205 pounds • 1.0 US gallon = 3.79 liter = 0.833 Imperial gallon • 1.0 imperial gallon = 4.55 liter = 1.20 US gallon • 1.0 liter = 0.264 US gallon = 0.220 imperial gallon Fossil fuels 4 • Barrel of oil equivalent (boe) = approx. 6.1 GJ (5.8 million Btu), equivalent to 1700 kWh − "Petroleum barrel" is a liquid measure equal to 42 U.S. gallons (35 Imperial gallons or 159 liters); about 7.2 barrels oil are equivalent to one tonne of oil (metric) = 42-45 GJ. • Gasoline: LHV = 115,000 Btu/gallon = 121 MJ/gallon = 32 MJ/liter; HHV: 125,000 Btu/gallon = 132 MJ/gallon = 35 MJ/liter • Metric tonne gasoline = 8.53 barrels = 1356 liter = 43.5 GJ/t (LHV); 47.3 GJ/t (HHV) 3 Based on data from the ORNL Bioenergy Feedstock Information Network; http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/main.aspx 4 The energy content (heating value) of petroleum products per unit mass is fairly constant, but their density differs significantly, hence their energy content is different Pilot Version, September 2009 E-1
− Gasoline density (average) = 0.73 g/ml (= metric tonnes/m 3 ) • Petro-diesel = 130,500 Btu/gallon (36.4 MJ/liter or 42.8 GJ/t) − Petro-diesel density (average) = 0.84 g/ml (= metric tonnes/m 3 ) • Metric tonne ethanol = 7.94 petroleum barrels = 1262 liters − Ethanol energy content: LHV = 11,500 Btu/lb = 75,700 Btu/gallon = 26.7 GJ/t = 21.1 MJ/liter; HHV = 84,000 Btu/gallon = 89 MJ/gallon = 23.4 MJ/liter − Ethanol density (average) = 0.79 g/ml (= metric tonnes/m 3 ) • Metric tonne biodiesel = 37.8 GJ (33.3 - 35.7 MJ/liter) − Biodiesel density (average) = 0.88 g/ml (= metric tonnes/m 3 ) • Metric tonne coal 5 = 27-30 GJ (bituminous/anthracite); 15-19 GJ (lignite/sub-bituminous) (the above ranges are equivalent to 11,500-13,000 Btu/lb and 6,500-8,200 Btu/lb). • Natural gas: HHV = 1027 Btu/ft 3 = 38.3 MJ/m 3 ; LHV = 930 Btu/ft 3 = 34.6 MJ/m 3 • Therm (used for natural gas, methane) = 100,000 Btu (= 105.5 MJ) Carbon content of selected fuels 6 • Coal (average) = 25.4 metric tonnes carbon per terajoule (TJ) − 1.0 metric tonne coal = 746 kg carbon • Oil (average) = 19.9 metric tonnes carbon / TJ • 1.0 US gallon gasoline (0.833 Imperial gallon, 3.79 liter) = 2.42 kg carbon • 1.0 US gallon diesel/fuel oil (0.833 Imperial gallon, 3.79 liter) = 2.77 kg carbon • Natural gas (methane) = 14.4 metric tonnes carbon / TJ • 1.0 cubic meter natural gas (methane) = 0.49 kg carbon 5 The energy content (heating value) per unit mass varies greatly between different "ranks" of coal. "Typical" coal (rank not specified) usually means bituminous coal, the most common fuel for power plants (27 GJ/t). 6 The average carbon content values above are indicative only. More accurate determinations should be sought from fuel provider, or by testing fuels used. Pilot Version, September 2009 E-2
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Prepared by the LEVON Group, LLC an
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Table of Contents SECTION Page FORE
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List of Tables SECTION Page 2-1 Ove
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FOREWORD The global oil and natural
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DOCUMENT AT A GLANCE This document
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1.0 INTRODUCTION Policymakers use e
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The Intergovernmental Panel on Clim
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2.0 SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY There ar
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Table 2-1. Overview of Methods Used
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the uncertainty associated with cur
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d. Data processing uncertainty Typi
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d. Material Balance For some emissi
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3.0 OVERVIEW OF MEASUREMENT PRACTIC
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3.1 Flow Measurement Practices Cont
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All these factors should be assesse
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Table 3-1. Example of FFMS Combined
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3.2 Uncertainties of Flow Measureme
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Table 3-3. Compilation of Specifica
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EXHIBIT 3-3: FACTORS TO CONSIDER WH
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3.3.2 Quantifying Sampling Precisio
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Table 3-4. Summary of Selected Carb
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3.5 Heat Content Determination The
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3.5.2 Computational Methods Heating
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using standard methods, non-standar
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0.6 0.4 0.2 Error 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6
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s ± t × (Equation 4-1) n where s
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4.2.1 Propagation Equations There a
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For two terms that might be correla
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EXHIBIT 4-1: Uncertainty Example fo
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Further guidance for assigning unce
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4.4 Quantifying Measurement Uncerta
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Are the data based on a single poin
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Two methods are compared. The first
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. EXHIBIT 4-6: Uncertainty Example
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Table 4-13 shows the uncertainty in
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Table 4-13. Comparison of Annual Em
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• The evolution of activity and e
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These guidelines concentrate solely
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(Reprinted from the API Compendium)
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Table 5-2. Onshore Oil Field (High
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associated with them are assigned b
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Table 5-4. Onshore Oil Field (High
Page 93 and 94: 5.2.4 Propagating Assymetric Uncert
Page 95 and 96: U( rel) = U( rel) + U( rel) + U( re
Page 97 and 98: Coke burn rate approach (Equation 5
Page 99 and 100: Wt% C ∑ lbmole x lbmole C 12 lb C
Page 101 and 102: The CO 2 emissions are calculated u
Page 103 and 104: GHG Emissions, tonnes/yr 60,000 50,
Page 105 and 106: vast majority of the uncertainty fo
Page 107 and 108: 6.0 REFERENCES AGA, 2008, Greenhous
Page 109 and 110: The Alberta Energy and Utilities Bo
Page 111 and 112: Appendix A GLOSSARY OF STATISTICAL
Page 117 and 118: APPENDIX B LIST OF INDUSTRY MEASURE
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 2.8B Establishment of the L
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 11.5.3 Chapter 12.1.1 Chapt
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 19.4 Chapter 20.1 RP 85 RP
Page 125 and 126: ISO 8222:2002 ISO 8697:1999 ISO 902
Page 127 and 128: ISO 7194:2008 Measurement of fluid
Page 129 and 130: ASTM D4292 ASTM D4892 ASTM D5002 AS
Page 131 and 132: APPENDIX C OPERATING CONDITIONS, IN
Page 133 and 134: Appendix C OPERATING CONDITIONS, IN
Page 135 and 136: Appendix D SELECT MEASUREMENT METHO
Page 137 and 138: c. ASTM UOP539-97, Refinery Gas Ana
Page 139 and 140: interference between known componen
Page 141 and 142: maintained over the room temperatur
Page 143: APPENDIX E UNITS CONVERSION
Page 147 and 148: Appendix F UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION D
Page 149 and 150: The uncertainty for the heaters/reb
Page 151 and 152: ∑ 2 U ( abs) = U( abs) ∑(Wt%C)
Page 153 and 154: Combining the fuel usage for the tw
Page 155 and 156: Uncertainty Estimate of CO 2 e Emis
Page 157 and 158: U ( abs) = ( U ( abs) + U ( abs) +
Page 159 and 160: E E CO2e 219 tonne CO ⎛ 2 0.0108
Page 161 and 162: E CO 2 6 500× 10 scf gas lbmole ga
Page 163 and 164: • Fuel Economy (miles per gallon)
Page 165 and 166: Upper: U ( abs) = (U( abs) +U( abs)
Page 167 and 168: default CH 4 content is 5.53% from
Page 169 and 170: Uncertainty Estimate of CO 2 e Emis
Page 171 and 172: ( ) Urel ( ) = Urel ( ) = Urel ( )
Page 173 and 174: Uncertainty Estimate for CH 4 and C
Page 175 and 176: specific mole % for CH 4 and CO 2 i
Page 177 and 178: E CO2 0.07239 tonne CH 4 tonne mole
Page 179 and 180: U ( rel) = U( rel) +U( rel) +U( rel
Page 181 and 182: Table F-14. Fugitive Emission and U
Page 183 and 184: U ( abs) = (U( abs) +U( abs) +U( ab
Page 185 and 186: Table F-15. Onshore Oil Field (High
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