HCM 433 MANGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR.pdf

of inefficiency was prevalent in the performance of all tasks of the operational level. The high
level of inefficiency, according to him, was partly due to the fact that workers were in charge of
both planning and performing their job, which he claimed led to wastage. He perceived that a gap
existed between actual production and cost. He believed that proper work methods and standards
would eliminate or reduce the level of inefficiency.
Taylor’s research work was largely focused on:
· Improvement of working tools
· Analysis and innovation of work methods
· Enforced standardization of work methods
· Enforced cooperation.
Taylor’s principles as summarized by Villers (1960) are:
(a) Time Study Principle – Production effort should be measured by the standard and
time and accurate time study established for the work.
(b) Piece-rate Principle – Wages should be made proportional to output. Rate being
based on standards already established.
(c) Separation of Planning from Performance – Managements should be responsible
for planning and also make sure performance is physically possible.
(d) Scientific Methods of Work Principle – Managements should take charge of the
work method and train the workforce accordingly.
(e) Managerial Control Principle – Managers should be taught how to apply scientific
principles of management and control
(f) Functional Management Principle – Advocates the application of military principles
and the design of industrial organizations to serve desired purpose.
In addition, Frederick, Taylor also advocated the following:
· That law is the chief instrument for efficient management
· That good life for the workforce must be brought about by monetary rewards
· That administration should be interrelated with the personal aspirations of the workers.
3.5 URWICK AND GULICK (1937)
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