HCM 433 MANGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR.pdf

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1. Psycho-Analytical Theory: Psycho-Analytical theory implies the analysis of the psycho (inner self). Sigmund Freud was the founder and dominant figure of the psycho-analytical school of thought. The theory anchors on two (2) premises; a. One is that adult problems have their roots causes in childhood experiences b. That all mental problems are personality problem and they are rooted in childhood experience. Sigmund Freud argued that the personality is made up of three units i. Id : (seeks for pleasure at all time) ii. Super-ego iii. Ego Id Personalit yyy Ego Superego Figure 9.1: Sigmund Freud compartmentalization of personality Underlying them is what we call Libido (which-means Lust). This is sexual energy possessed by all infants and it is responsible for most of our behaviour. Libidinal urges find expression and in doing that creates tension in the individual. The tension needs release, if release is not found in real life the desires appears as dreams, fantasies and other psychological disturbances such as phobia. For example, man may fear repressions because of his sexual wishes about the mother which he represses because they are wrong. 94
a) The Id is the unit that contains an individual’s basic desires, it is an instinctual irrational energy that is present at birth. It functions by seeking pleasure irrespective of who is hurt. b) The super-Ego opposes the Id; it can be equated to conscience. It represents the age of recognition of moral laws and constraints within the society as interpreted to him by the parents and enforced by a system of reward and punishment. The unit tries to place restriction on pleasure seeking by the children and helped him to imbibe the culture of discipline, good behaviour and other good attitudes etc. c) The Ego is a controlling unit. It is reality principle which helps the child to be aware of the world around him. It deals with both the aggressive desires of the Id and the repressive forces of the super-ego. It gives the child the ability to distinguish between the things of the mind and the external world with respect to the super-ego. It therefore allows the child to plan and reason and behaves like people around, it is a controlling device. So Freud argued that what an individual becomes as an adult depends on how well the ego is able to strive the balance between the constantly conflicting Id (pleasure seeking unit of man) and the super-ego (the restriction imposing and repressing unit of man). 3.3.1 Freudian Development Stages This psycho-analytical theory of personality ideas are further explained in Freudian developmental stages. Freud believes the individual’s pass through a sequence of human development, that as individuals develop from infancy to adulthood, he is punctuated by developments arising at certain stage and that with normal development, an individual will move from one stage to another but that the most important and critical to the individual are the ages 0 to 13 years. During this period the individuals passes through a number of critical experiences fixation (denial or prolonged stay or the inability of the ego to restore normalcy between the Id & the Super-ego). Fixation implies that the energy will stay on and the experience if it’s not resolved will cause problems in adult life. 1. Oral Stage: Corresponds with the age (0 – 1year) during this time the infant derive pleasure around the region of the mouth precisely of the lips where the libido is first 95
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NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA
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HCM 433 - MANAGEMENT AND ORGANISATI
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UNIT 15: Organisational Structure E
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HCM 433 - MANAGEMENT AND ORGANISATI
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UNIT 10: Work Groups UNIT 11: Commu
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Course Editor: Programme Leader: Na
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· Discuss the behaviour influencin
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MODULE: 1 UNIT 1 MANAGEMENT PERSPEC
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(iii) The reference to management a
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Departmental heads, Supervisors, Fo
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in coordinating efforts occur becau
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For purpose of this book, administr
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UNIT 2 THE STUFF OF ORGANISATIONAL
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suggested by the economic security
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of organisational behaviour and a n
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*We see organizations as societies
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Mullins, L. J. (2000). Management a
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The common features of a formal Org
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of inefficiency was prevalent in th
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•Discipline •Unity of Command
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Page 45 and 46: expectations that supervisor, thoug
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Page 49 and 50: who unable to leave. Such workers c
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Page 55 and 56: processes that are not a response t
Page 57 and 58: UNIT 5: Content MANAGEMENT OF CHANG
Page 59 and 60: Technological Change: Everyone is k
Page 61 and 62: Sometimes changes are introduced wi
Page 63 and 64: iii. Even where change is socially
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Page 67 and 68: Mullins, L. J. (2000). Management a
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Page 77 and 78: iv. Personal Achievement: here, the
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Page 81 and 82: UNIT 8: Content PERCEPTION 1.0. Int
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Page 85 and 86: 3. Past Experience: The selective n
Page 87 and 88: outstanding performance is attribut
Page 89 and 90: greatly influenced by their own cha
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Page 97 and 98: 5. Genital stage (13 years and abov
Page 99 and 100: 5.0 CONCLUSION We have in this sect
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Page 103 and 104: Besides, there are also other class
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Page 109 and 110: 2. Eye Contact and Location of Memb
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Page 115 and 116: (v) Communication is also the neces
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Page 119 and 120: tone of voice, the choice of langua
Page 121 and 122: UNIT 12: MOTIVATION 1.0. Introducti
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Page 125 and 126: 3.2 THEORIES OF MOTIVATION There ar
Page 127 and 128: According to Maslow, needs are hier
Page 129 and 130: Safety Social Relatedness Esteem Se
Page 131 and 132: The first group of factors (the dis
Page 133 and 134: The question is however often asked
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Page 137 and 138: Probability that effort will lead t
Page 139 and 140: satisfy their emotions and desires.
Page 141 and 142: The implication of attribution theo
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influences that motivate people so
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Thirdly, it is almost certainly tru
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“Labour is good in its self. A ma
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8. The motivation of many employees
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In every organization, there exists
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decentralisation, with activities i
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Structure provides the framework fo
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According to Mullins (2000), clearl
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functions, departments or sections.
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M :- Marketing F :- Finance iv) Nat
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•the process of managing the acti
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functions undertaken increases. Peo
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Therefore, the matrix organisation
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A basic aim for the study of organi
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ii) Technology - the manner in whic
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Task - the nature of the work activ
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In a university, for example, the m
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The growth of information technolog
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Most organisational resources are l
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It may not always be possible for m
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•Influence of Technology on Organ
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Mitchell, T. R. (1987). People in O
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