HCM 433 MANGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR.pdf

expressed. Usually the infant consume food which he enjoys and so learn quickly that the
lips produce pleasure, therefore, he puts any convenient device or object into his mouth
whether hungry or not. Sigmund Freud argued that there is a parallel between adult and
infants behaviours especially if fixation has taken place. Such behaviours are excessive
smoking, kissing, tumb sulking all of which give pleasurable sensations around the mouth.
Other behaviour may include over eating, drinking, biting.
2. Anal stage: (about 1 – 3 years) Freud believes that the infant feels pleasurable experience
around the anus. When enough food has been consumed an elimination process becomes
inevitable. In other to avoid discomfort the child defecates anywhere, anytime, without
control. If there is fixation the child grows into a stingy, miserly and passive.
Other behaviour that go with persons like this are hoarding behaviour (anything,
information, personal effect etc) may be too rigid, may be excessively neat.
3. Phallic stage: (4 – 5 years) Freud claim that the child derives pleasure from his/her genital
organ & this is where Freud developed his most controversial theory by claiming that
infants possess sexual aggression, in a boy towards his mother and in a girl towards her
father. He believes that it is a stage of infantile sexuality in which the boys enters into the
“Oedipous conflict” and the girl into “Electral conflict”.
In resolving the conflict the Ego tries to strike a balance between the warring “Id” and the “Super-
Ego” using the process of identification, meaning that it tries to help the child to like the same
sexed parents (boy like his father and girl like her mother). Example the boy will try his father’s
shoes on, sit on his seat/chair, talk like him and imitate him in various ways. The same thing goes
for the girl. The more the child identifies with the same sex parents the less fear he/she has for
him/her. If there is fixation at this stage the individual become shameful in the presence of the
opposite sex; fear for women if a man, and fear for man if a woman. Other tendency includes
homosexuality, lesbianism, envy for male role.
4. After this stage the child passes through a prolonged latency (dormant) stage (roughly 5–
puberty). During this period the child tries to repress all sexual wishes and both boys and girls
don’t want to come into contact.
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