RD&D-Programme 2004 - SKB

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Figure 11-3. Deep repository operating area at the entrance to the Forsmark nuclear power plant during the Layout D0 step. Increasingly detailed design of the various rock openings in the underground part, the individual buildings in the surface part, earthmoving works, technical systems and installations is carried out during the construction phase. A programme for the construction phase will be prepared during this RD&D period, including design of the deep repository facility as one part. According to the overall timetable for this work, the first version of the programme will be prepared in 2005. This version will then be further detailed so that it can be presented in its entirety in conjunction with the permit application for the deep repository in 2008. RD&D-Programme 2004 137
12 Deep repository – monitoring SKB defines monitoring as “continuous or repeated observations or measurements of parameters to obtain a better scientific understanding of the site and the repository, to show compliance with requirements, or to adapt plans to the results”. This definition covers monitoring programmes and surveillance, including observations to verify nuclear material supervision (safeguards) in the deep repository. SKB’s definition of monitoring does not include single measurements or observations, and it is understood that the observations are repeated in the same points or areas. Monitoring during the stepwise implementation of the deep repository has several purposes, but mainly to: • Establish a primary baseline for the repository site. • Develop and demonstrate an understanding of the repository site and the performance of the barriers. • Provide data as a basis for the decision process. • Show that requirements stipulated in international and national guidelines are met. Specific rationales for monitoring are to: • Obtain knowledge of undisturbed conditions in nature and their seasonal variations (baseline) in order to identify and evaluate the impact that the deep repository has during different phases. • Obtain a better understanding of the function of the deep repository system to support the safety account and to test models and assumptions. • Monitor the environmental impact of the repository. • Provide evidence that the working environment is safe with regard to radiological and non-radiological effects. • Show that requirements on safeguards are met. 12.1 Monitoring Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its review In RD&D 2001, SKB identified a need to establish a policy for monitoring, and the possible need for continuous and periodic observations and measurements was preliminary listed. SKB also described the need to establish a monitoring programme for environmental impact and radiological control. Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001 As a result of RD&D 2001, SKB initiated a monitoring project for the deep repository and a framework has been established for such monitoring /12-1/. The project included a review of definitions and nomenclature used and an international overview of the field. A presentation of SKB’s previous experience of monitoring is also included. SKB’s participation in the EU project “Thematic Network on the Role of Monitoring in a Phased Approach to Disposal” /12-2/ has been an important part of the project. The Thematic Network was started to obtain a better understanding of the role that can be played by monitoring and what monitoring alternatives are available. Within the Thematic Network, the contribution of monitoring to the decision process and safety during the operating and post-closure phases and its importance for confidence in this safety has been discussed. RD&D-Programme 2004 139
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Technical Report TR-04-21 RD&D-Prog
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Preface SKB, Svensk Kärnbränsleha
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welding and nondestructive testing
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Alternative methods. SKB is followi
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5.5 Nondestructive testing of canis
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15 Fuel 163 15.1 Initial state in f
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18.1.10 Swelling pressure 229 18.1.
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Part I SKB’s programme and plan o
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Nuclear power plant Clab m/s Sigyn
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Figure 1-2. The Äspö HRL consists
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Figure 1-4. Interior from the Canis
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Siting SKB’s main alternative is
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Transport tunnel KBS-3V Deposition
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2.1 Nuclear fuel programme In Swede
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Encapsulation plant 2003 2004 2005
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2.2 LILW programme Parts of the sys
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environment. The barriers can also
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this cooperation entails that the o
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4 Overview - technology development
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4.7 Design of the deep repository T
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Diameter 1,050 Diameter 949 Diamete
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Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its re
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Figure 5-3. Graphite shapes in cast
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Figure 5-5. Positions for test bars
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Programme The development project c
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Programme Trial fabrication of all
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The technology and procedures for c
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A method and equipment based on las
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Spacer plate Defect A Defect B Chan
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Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001
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2004 2005 Process model welding met
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6.2.2 The welding process In parall
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Figure 6-9. Lid weld L028. Section
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Tensile test bars have been taken o
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6.3.3 The welding process The param
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A limitation in the evaluation of t
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Nondestructive testing methods such
Page 79 and 80: a b Through-transmission Reflection
Page 81 and 82: simulation program, and the body of
Page 83 and 84: SKB has devised a quality system fo
Page 85 and 86: Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001
Page 87 and 88: 8 Canister - encapsulation The desi
Page 89 and 90: Figure 8-2. Work stations in the en
Page 91 and 92: The filled canister transport casks
Page 93 and 94: Stages encapsulation plant 2003 200
Page 95 and 96: Figure 8-4. Possible location of a
Page 97 and 98: 9 Transportation of encapsulated fu
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Page 101 and 102: absorbs neutron radiation. The lid
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Page 111 and 112: Judgement with regard to long-term
Page 113 and 114: Furthermore, it must not have an ad
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Page 117 and 118: A third type of seal is intended to
Page 119 and 120: 10.6.1 Requirements and premises In
Page 121 and 122: the long-term safety of the concept
Page 125 and 126: Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its re
Page 127 and 128: 11.3 Execution - stepwise design Si
Page 129: Programme Design step D, which incl
Page 133 and 134: • Trigger levels for action. •
Page 135 and 136: Part III Safety assessment and rese
Page 137 and 138: As a complement to the numerical mo
Page 139 and 140: Table 13-2. Research on the initial
Page 141 and 142: 13.2.4 Backfill Together with Posiv
Page 143 and 144: Table 13-3. Projects and experiment
Page 145 and 146: spent nuclear fuel. It was neverthe
Page 147 and 148: concepts or whose descriptions requ
Page 149 and 150: 14.2.2 Radionuclide transport and d
Page 151 and 152: At present, the computational time
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Page 155 and 156: 15.1.2 Geometry The deep repository
Page 157 and 158: 7 6 BWR 55 MWd/tU PWR 42 MWd/tU PWR
Page 159 and 160: 15.1.11 Gas composition Conclusions
Page 161 and 162: 15.2.5 Heat transport Dealt with in
Page 163 and 164: simulating the repository environme
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Page 167 and 168: The catalytic effect of uranium dio
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Page 171 and 172: The influence of hydrogen peroxide
Page 173 and 174: A research programme to study cast
Page 177 and 178: 16.2.3 Heat transport No new knowle
Page 179 and 180: Programme The ongoing experiments w
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Programme Short-term tests aimed at
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Swelling properties The buffer must
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have been performed for some ten co
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17.1.13 Impurity levels Bentonite i
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out when the buffer swells, but our
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These processes have been studied i
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• The gas injection phase will be
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19 9 D=205 d=175 D=172 d=170 D=168
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• Tests of the wetting process cl
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Figure 17-4. Natural redox front in
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These phenomena have been studied b
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17.2.24 Radionuclide transport - ad
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Programme SKB does not consider sor
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18.1.6 Smectite content SKB, togeth
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Programme See section 18.2.2. 18.1.
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The wetting of the backfill from th
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ackfill must have a compression mod
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Programme See section 17.2.17. 18.2
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18.2.23 Radionuclide transport - so
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10 -5 I-129 Release rate (moles/yea
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and the rock matrix, is also crucia
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A thermal model will be constructed
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In a continuation of the super-regi
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A thorough overview has been done o
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The authorities are of the opinion
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19.2.11 Advection/mixing - groundwa
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a so-called Markov-directed Random
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Diffusion measurements in the labor
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Uranium series analyses from clay-
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19.2.18 Microbial processes Conclus
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19.2.20 Colloid formation - colloid
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19.2.23 Methane ice formation Concl
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19.2.26 Integrated modelling - radi
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development that has taken place ha
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20.2 Review of RD&D 2001 Following
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work will continue, particularly in
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2 In Sea (mol) 3 Water Sea (mol/m 3
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The above work will be pursued in c
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certain substances, such as uranium
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In connection with the Safe project
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20.9 International work and dissemi
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the underlying material are current
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These reports describe dominant fun
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Glacial Permafrost Permafrost Borea
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Shoreline displacement has an isost
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The hydromechanical modellings that
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model that includes these factors a
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The salinity of the sea, inland sea
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• Public opinion and attitudes -
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Socioeconomic impact • Local deve
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Previously existing material is bei
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• The driving forces behind the d
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• Very effective methods for tran
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• A subcritical nuclear reactor w
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out in Cadarache, France. Hindas an
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Important results since 2001 includ
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Programme The goal of SKB’s resea
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Kasam says that disposal in Very De
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24 Decommissioning The facilities c
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SKB is responsible for management a
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25 Low- and intermediate-level wast
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25.2.1 Repository for short-lived L
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Programme Work on the design of the
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observation is that isosaccharinic
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stored so that the material can be
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6-4 Claesson S, 2004. Elektronstrå
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Chapter 14 14-1 SKB, 2004. Interim
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15-42 Ekeroth E, Jonsson M, 2003. O
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17-19 Le Bell J C, 1978. Colloid ch
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19-29 Hudson J (ed), 2002. Strategy
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19-77 Bath A, Milodowski A, Ruotsal
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20-19 Kautsky U (ed), 2001. The bio
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20-73 Blomqvist P, Jansson P-E, Esp
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20-119 Berggren J, Kyläkorpi L, 20
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23-10 NEA, 2002. Accelerator-driven
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SKB’s master plan Appendix A
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A1 Introduction A1.1 Background The
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generations unnecessarily. Another
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Encapsulation plant 2003 2004 2005
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facilitated by the fact that the re
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A2.3 System design A2.3.1 Fundament
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The system analyses will be largely
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Two safety reports will therefore b
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KBS-3H Basic Design Detailed engine
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Time horizon 2017 The current phase
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2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Phase
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In the subsequent phase, verificati
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The canister development work will
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Deep repository Year 2003 2004 2005
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A4.2 Site investigations Site inves
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Already in the feasibility study, l
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In step D2, the facility descriptio
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Table 4. Current situation and prel
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2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Desig
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Table 5. Continued. Technology issu
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A4.6.1 Siting factors Before priori
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A possible alternative scenario is
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of the NPPs starts, however, long-l
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Between now and 2008, an organizati
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Appendix B Abbreviations Abaqus ACL
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GIA Gis Goldsim Hindas HMC HPF HRL
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PMMA POD Posiva Prism Proper Protot
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ISSN 1404-0344 CM Digitaltryck AB,
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