RD&D-Programme 2004 - SKB

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20-96 IAEA, 2003. ‘Reference Biospheres’ for solid radioactive waste disposal. Report of BIOMASS Theme 1 of the BIOsphere Modelling and ASSessment (BIOMASS) Programme. Part of the IAEA Co-ordinated Research Project on Biosphere Modelling and Assessment (BIOMASS). International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna (Austria). 20-97 Wood M D, Knowles J D, Whittaker J H, Copplestone D, Malcom H M, Bielby S, 2003. Developing experimental protocols for chronic irradiation studies on wildlife. Environment Agency Bristol, UK. R&D Technical Report P3-101/SP2. 20-98 Kelly M, Thorne M, 2003. Radionuclides handbook. Environment Agency Bristol, UK. R&D Technical Report P3-101/SP2. 20-99 Copplestone D, Wood M D, Bielby S, Jones S R, Vives J, Beresford N A, 2003. Habitats regulations for Stage 3 assessments: radioactive substances authorisation. Environment Agency Bristol, UK. R&D Technical Report P3-101/SP2. 20-100 Clarke R, 1999. Control of low-level radiation exposure: time for a change? J. Radiol. Prot. 19: pp 107–115. 20-101 Swarén U, 2003. The Swedish ICRP Project – A presentation. J. Rad. Protection. 23(2): pp 195–200. 20-102 Alm Carlsson G, Bergman R, Harms-Ringdahl M, Swarén U, 2002. The Swedish ICRP Project. A radiological protection policy under discussion. Case studies. The Analys Group, KSU AB (Nuclear Training and Safety Centre), Studsvik, Sweden; Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB, KSU AGR B-02/1-ENG-SE. 20-103 Kautsky U, 2003. The biosphere research at SKB. Radiation protection in the 2000s – theory and practice. Nordic Society for Radiation Protection. Proceedings of the XIII ordinary meeting, Turku/Åbo, Finland, August 25–29, 2002, W Paile (ed), STUK-A195, 2003, pp 145–152. 20-104 Kautsky U, Gilek M, 2003. Radiation effects on the environment beyond the level of individuals. 3 rd international symposium on the protection of the environment from ionising radiation (SPEIR 3), Darwin (Australia). C and S papers series no 17/P. 20-105 Kumblad L, Kautsky U, Gilek M, 2000. Including ecosystem dynamics in risk assessment of radioactive waste in coastal regions. International conference on the safety of radioactive waste management, Cordoba (Spain). pp 250–253. 20-106 Dverstorp B, Sundström B, 2003. SSI:s och SKI:s granskning av SKB:s uppdaterade Slutlig Säkerhetsrapport för SFR 1 Granskningsrapport. SSI report 2003:21, Swedish Radiation Protection Authority. SKI Rapport 2003:37, Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate. 20-107 Wörman A, 2003. Exchange processes at geosphere-biosphere interface. Current SKB approach and example of coupled hydrological-ecological approach. SSI report 2003:14, Swedish Radiation Protection Authority. 20-108 Egan M J, Thorne M C, Little R H, Pasco R F, 2003. Analysis of critical issues in biosphere assessment modelling and site investigation. SSI report 2003:12, Swedish Radiation Protection Authority. 20-109 Egan M J, Maul P R, Watkins B M, Venter A, 2001. Work in support of biosphere assessments for solid radioactive waste disposal. 2. Biosphere FEP list and biosphere modelling. SSI report 2001:22, Swedish Radiation Protection Authority. 20-110 Egan M J, Loose M, Smith G M, Watkins B M, 2001. Work in support of biosphere assessments for solid radioactive waste disposal. 1. Performance assessments, requirements and methodology; criteria for radiological environmental protection. SSI report 2001:21, Swedish Radiation Protection Authority. 20-111 Shaw G, 2002. A review of models for dose assessment employed by SKB in the renewed safety assessment for SFR 1. SSI report 2002:18, Swedish Radiation Protection Authority. 20-112 Klos R, Wilmot R, 2002. Review of Project SAFE: Comments on biosphere conceptual model description and risk assessment methodology. SSI report 2002:17, Swedish Radiation Protection Authority. 20-113 Borgiel M, 2003. Makroskopiska organismers förekomst i sedimentprov. En översiktlig artbestämning av makroskopiska organismer. SKB P-03-67, Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB. 20-114 Larsson-McCann S, Karlsson A, Nord M, Sjögren J, Johansson L, Ivarsson M, Kindell S, 2002. Meteorological, hydrological and oceanographical information and data for the site investigation program in the communities of Östhammar and Tierp in the northern part of Uppland. SKB TR-02-02, Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB. 20-115 Larsson-McCann S, Karlsson A, Nord M, Sjögren J, Johansson L, Ivarsson M, Kindell S, 2002. Meteorological, hydrological and oceanographical information and data for the site investigation program in the community of Oskarshamn. SKB TR-02-03, Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB. 20-116 Tobiasson S, 2003. Tolkning av undervattensfilm från Forsmark och Simpevarp. SKB P-03-68, Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB. 20-117 Aquilonius K, Karlsson S, 2003. Forsmark site investigation. Snow depth, frost in ground and ice cover during the winter 2002/2003. SKB P-03-117, Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB. 20-118 Berggren J, Kyläkorpi L, 2002. Ekosystemen i Tierp Norra. Sammanställning av befintlig information. SKB R-02-09, Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB. RD&D-Programme 2004 353
20-119 Berggren J, Kyläkorpi L, 2002. Ekosystemen i Simpevarpsområdet. Sammanställning av befintlig information. SKB R-02-10, Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB. 20-120 Berggren J, Kyläkorpi L, 2002. Ekosystemen i Forsmarksområdet. Sammanställning av befintlig information. SKB R-02-08, Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB. 20-121 Boresjö Bronge L,Wester K, 2002. Vegetation mapping with satellite data of the Forsmark, Tierp and Oskarshamn regions. SKB R-02-06, Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB. 20-122 Cederlund G, Hammarström A, Wallin K, 2003. Surveys of mammal populations in the areas adjacent to Forsmark and Tierp. SKB P-03-18, Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB. 20-123 Sturesson E, 2003. Site Investigation Oskarshamn. Nyckelbiotopsinventering i Simpevarpsområdet. SKB P-03-78, Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB. 20-124 Greger M, 2004. Uptake of nuclides by plants. SKB TR-04-14, Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB. Chapter 21 21-1 Bioclim, 2002. Modelling sequential biosphere systems under climate change for radioactive waste disposal. Deliverable D2: Consolidation of Needs of the European Waste Management Agencies and the Regulator of the Consortium. The EC Bioclim Project within the 5 th Euroatom Framework Programme. 21-2 Bioclim, 2003. Modelling sequential biosphere systems under climate change for radioactive waste disposal. The EC Bioclim Project within the 5 th Euroatom Framework Programme. Joint Final Seminar. November 2003. 21-3 Påsse T, 2001. An empirical model of glacio-isostatic movements and shore-level displacement in Fennoscandia. SKB R-01-41, Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB. 21-4 Bioclim, 2001. Modelling sequential biosphere systems under climate change for radioactive waste disposal. Deliverable D1: Environmental Change Analysis. The EC Bioclim Project within the 5 th Euroatom Framework Programme. 21-5 Sweclim, 2002. Annual Report 2002. Det svenska klimatforskningsprogrammet SWECLIM, SMHI, Norrköping (http://www.smhi.se/sweclim/). 21-6 IPCC, 2001. Climate change 2001. Synthesis Report, A contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds Watson R T and the Core Writing Team), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 21-7 Milne G A, Davis J L, Mitrovica J X, Scherneck H-G, Johansson J M, Vermeer M, Koivula H, 2001. Space-Geodetic Constraints on Glacial Isostatic Adjustment in Fennoscandia. Science, 291, pp 2381–2385. 21-8 Milne G A, 2002. Recent Advances in Predicting Glaciation-Induced Sea-Level Changes and Their Impact on Model Applications in Glacial Isostatic Adjustment and the Earth System: Sea Level, Crustal Deformation, Gravity and Rotation. AGU monograph, Geodynamics Series 29, pp 157–176. 21-9 Lokrantz H, Sohlenius G, 2004. Weichselian glaciation history in Scandinavia, a literature review. SKB Report, Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB, (in manuscript). 21-10 Greve R, Hutter K, 1995. Polythermal three-dimensional modelling of the Greenland Ice Sheet with varied geothermal heat flux. Annals of Glaciology 21, pp 8–12. 21-11 Näslund J O, 1997. Subglacial preservation of valley morphology at Amundsenisen, western Dronning Mauds Land, Antarctica. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 22(5), pp 441–455. 21-12 Johnson J, Fastook J L, 2002. Northern Hemisphere glaciation and its sensitivity to basal melt water. Quaternary International 95–96, pp 65–74. 21-13 Näslund J O, Jansson P, Fastook J L, Johnson J, Andersson L, 2004. A First realistic dataset on distributed geothermal heat flow for ice sheet modelling. Abstract inskickat till European Geosciences Union 1 st General Assembly, Nice, Frankrike, 25–30 April 2004. 21-14 Näslund J O, Jansson P, Fastook J L, Johnson J, 2004. Modelling ice sheet basal meltwater production using realistic geothermal heat flow data. Abstract sent to International Symposium on Ice and Water Interactions: Processes across the Phase Boundary Portland State University, Oregon, USA, 26–30 July 2004. 21-15 Fastook J L, 1993. The finite-element method for solving conservation equations in glaciology. Computational Science and Engineering 1(1), pp 55–67. 21-16 Fastook J L, Prentice M, 1994. A finite-element model of Antarctica: Sensitivity test for meteorological mass-balance relationship. Journal of Glaciology, 40(134), pp 167–175. 21-17 Näslund J O, Rodhe L, Fastook J L, Holmlund P, 2003. New ways of studying ice sheet flow directions and glacial erosion by computer modelling; examples from Fennoscandia. Quaternary Science Reviews, 22(2–4), pp 245–250. 21-18 Boulton G, Chan T, Christiansson R, Ericsson L-O, Hartikainen J, Jensen M R, Stanchell F W, Wallroth T, 2003. Thermo-hydro-mechanical impacts of glaciation and implications for deep geologic disposal of nuclear waste. GeoProc2003, Stockholm, pp 289–294. 354 RD&D-Programme 2004
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Technical Report TR-04-21 RD&D-Prog
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Preface SKB, Svensk Kärnbränsleha
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welding and nondestructive testing
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Alternative methods. SKB is followi
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5.5 Nondestructive testing of canis
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15 Fuel 163 15.1 Initial state in f
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18.1.10 Swelling pressure 229 18.1.
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Part I SKB’s programme and plan o
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Nuclear power plant Clab m/s Sigyn
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Figure 1-2. The Äspö HRL consists
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Figure 1-4. Interior from the Canis
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Siting SKB’s main alternative is
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Transport tunnel KBS-3V Deposition
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2.1 Nuclear fuel programme In Swede
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Encapsulation plant 2003 2004 2005
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2.2 LILW programme Parts of the sys
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environment. The barriers can also
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this cooperation entails that the o
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4 Overview - technology development
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4.7 Design of the deep repository T
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Diameter 1,050 Diameter 949 Diamete
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Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its re
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Figure 5-3. Graphite shapes in cast
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Figure 5-5. Positions for test bars
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Programme The development project c
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Programme Trial fabrication of all
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The technology and procedures for c
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A method and equipment based on las
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Spacer plate Defect A Defect B Chan
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Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001
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2004 2005 Process model welding met
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6.2.2 The welding process In parall
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Figure 6-9. Lid weld L028. Section
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Tensile test bars have been taken o
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6.3.3 The welding process The param
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A limitation in the evaluation of t
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Nondestructive testing methods such
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a b Through-transmission Reflection
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simulation program, and the body of
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SKB has devised a quality system fo
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8 Canister - encapsulation The desi
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Figure 8-2. Work stations in the en
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The filled canister transport casks
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Stages encapsulation plant 2003 200
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Figure 8-4. Possible location of a
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9 Transportation of encapsulated fu
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9.3 SKB’s transportation system -
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absorbs neutron radiation. The lid
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Applicable international and Swedis
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een specified yet. Since the size o
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• Methods exist for full-face dri
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Programme SKB keeps track of curren
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Judgement with regard to long-term
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Furthermore, it must not have an ad
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Studies of equipment will be conduc
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A third type of seal is intended to
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10.6.1 Requirements and premises In
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the long-term safety of the concept
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11.3 Execution - stepwise design Si
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Programme Design step D, which incl
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12 Deep repository - monitoring SKB
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• Trigger levels for action. •
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Part III Safety assessment and rese
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As a complement to the numerical mo
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Table 13-2. Research on the initial
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13.2.4 Backfill Together with Posiv
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Table 13-3. Projects and experiment
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spent nuclear fuel. It was neverthe
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concepts or whose descriptions requ
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14.2.2 Radionuclide transport and d
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At present, the computational time
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Inflow Nuclides in a soluble phase
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15.1.2 Geometry The deep repository
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7 6 BWR 55 MWd/tU PWR 42 MWd/tU PWR
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15.1.11 Gas composition Conclusions
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15.2.5 Heat transport Dealt with in
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simulating the repository environme
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238 U 237 Np 239 Pu Concentration,
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The catalytic effect of uranium dio
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oxidant consumption in the bulk sol
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The influence of hydrogen peroxide
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A research programme to study cast
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16.2.3 Heat transport No new knowle
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Programme The ongoing experiments w
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Programme Short-term tests aimed at
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Swelling properties The buffer must
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have been performed for some ten co
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17.1.13 Impurity levels Bentonite i
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out when the buffer swells, but our
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These processes have been studied i
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• The gas injection phase will be
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19 9 D=205 d=175 D=172 d=170 D=168
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• Tests of the wetting process cl
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Figure 17-4. Natural redox front in
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These phenomena have been studied b
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17.2.24 Radionuclide transport - ad
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Programme SKB does not consider sor
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18.1.6 Smectite content SKB, togeth
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Programme See section 18.2.2. 18.1.
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The wetting of the backfill from th
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ackfill must have a compression mod
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Programme See section 17.2.17. 18.2
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18.2.23 Radionuclide transport - so
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10 -5 I-129 Release rate (moles/yea
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and the rock matrix, is also crucia
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A thermal model will be constructed
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In a continuation of the super-regi
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A thorough overview has been done o
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The authorities are of the opinion
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19.2.11 Advection/mixing - groundwa
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a so-called Markov-directed Random
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Diffusion measurements in the labor
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Uranium series analyses from clay-
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19.2.18 Microbial processes Conclus
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19.2.20 Colloid formation - colloid
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19.2.23 Methane ice formation Concl
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19.2.26 Integrated modelling - radi
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development that has taken place ha
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20.2 Review of RD&D 2001 Following
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work will continue, particularly in
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2 In Sea (mol) 3 Water Sea (mol/m 3
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The above work will be pursued in c
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certain substances, such as uranium
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In connection with the Safe project
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20.9 International work and dissemi
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the underlying material are current
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These reports describe dominant fun
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Glacial Permafrost Permafrost Borea
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Shoreline displacement has an isost
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The hydromechanical modellings that
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model that includes these factors a
Page 291 and 292: The salinity of the sea, inland sea
Page 293 and 294: • Public opinion and attitudes -
Page 295 and 296: Socioeconomic impact • Local deve
Page 297 and 298: Previously existing material is bei
Page 299 and 300: • The driving forces behind the d
Page 301 and 302: • Very effective methods for tran
Page 303 and 304: • A subcritical nuclear reactor w
Page 305 and 306: out in Cadarache, France. Hindas an
Page 307 and 308: Important results since 2001 includ
Page 309 and 310: Programme The goal of SKB’s resea
Page 311 and 312: Kasam says that disposal in Very De
Page 313 and 314: 24 Decommissioning The facilities c
Page 315 and 316: SKB is responsible for management a
Page 317 and 318: 25 Low- and intermediate-level wast
Page 319 and 320: 25.2.1 Repository for short-lived L
Page 321 and 322: Programme Work on the design of the
Page 323 and 324: observation is that isosaccharinic
Page 325 and 326: stored so that the material can be
Page 327 and 328: 6-4 Claesson S, 2004. Elektronstrå
Page 329 and 330: Chapter 14 14-1 SKB, 2004. Interim
Page 331 and 332: 15-42 Ekeroth E, Jonsson M, 2003. O
Page 333 and 334: 17-19 Le Bell J C, 1978. Colloid ch
Page 335 and 336: 19-29 Hudson J (ed), 2002. Strategy
Page 337 and 338: 19-77 Bath A, Milodowski A, Ruotsal
Page 339 and 340: 20-19 Kautsky U (ed), 2001. The bio
Page 341: 20-73 Blomqvist P, Jansson P-E, Esp
Page 345 and 346: 23-10 NEA, 2002. Accelerator-driven
Page 347 and 348: SKB’s master plan Appendix A
Page 349 and 350: A1 Introduction A1.1 Background The
Page 351 and 352: generations unnecessarily. Another
Page 353 and 354: Encapsulation plant 2003 2004 2005
Page 355 and 356: facilitated by the fact that the re
Page 357 and 358: A2.3 System design A2.3.1 Fundament
Page 359 and 360: The system analyses will be largely
Page 361 and 362: Two safety reports will therefore b
Page 363 and 364: KBS-3H Basic Design Detailed engine
Page 365 and 366: Time horizon 2017 The current phase
Page 367 and 368: 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Phase
Page 369 and 370: In the subsequent phase, verificati
Page 371 and 372: The canister development work will
Page 373 and 374: Deep repository Year 2003 2004 2005
Page 375 and 376: A4.2 Site investigations Site inves
Page 377 and 378: Already in the feasibility study, l
Page 379 and 380: In step D2, the facility descriptio
Page 381 and 382: Table 4. Current situation and prel
Page 383 and 384: 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Desig
Page 385 and 386: Table 5. Continued. Technology issu
Page 387 and 388: A4.6.1 Siting factors Before priori
Page 389 and 390: A possible alternative scenario is
Page 391 and 392: of the NPPs starts, however, long-l
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Between now and 2008, an organizati
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Appendix B Abbreviations Abaqus ACL
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GIA Gis Goldsim Hindas HMC HPF HRL
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PMMA POD Posiva Prism Proper Protot
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ISSN 1404-0344 CM Digitaltryck AB,
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