RD&D-Programme 2004 - SKB

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Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its review SKI points out that an essential issue that must be resolved before an application can be submitted for a permit to build the final repository is the ultimate choice of a suitable backfill material, particularly the clay component. Kasam points out that materials with different properties may be needed in different chambers. Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001 See section 18.2.2. Programme See section 18.2.2. 18.1.7 Water content The initial water content in the backfill follows trivially from its material specifications. It is a parameter that can be checked when the material is mixed. 18.1.8 Gas contents The initial gas content in the backfill follows trivially from its specifications. 18.1.9 Hydrovariables The hydrovariables are water flow, water pressure, gas flow and gas pressure. Initially it is relevant to describe gas and water pressure. Flows do not occur initially in the backfill. At emplacement, the repository will be open to atmospheric pressure. This gives a gas pressure (air) of 1 atm (approx. 0.1 MPa) and a water pressure of 0–0.1 MPa in the surrounding host rock. On the other hand, as in the buffer there will be an initial negative pore water pressure in the unsaturated backfill, which drives the inward transport of water along with the positive pressure from the water in the rock. This negative pore pressure is dependent on which concept is chosen. 18.1.10 Swelling pressure The swelling pressure begins to build up when buffer and backfill come into contact with external water. Initially there is no swelling pressure. 18.1.11 Smectite composition At present there are several alternative backfill concepts and backfill materials, see section 18.1.6. In some of the concepts the clay portion consists of the same material as the buffer, see section 17.1.2, and in other concepts of a completely different material, for example Friedland clay. Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its review See section 18.1.6. Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001 See section 18.2.2. RD&D-Programme 2004 229
Programme See section 18.2.2. 18.1.12 Pore water composition The water in the backfill is a blend of water from the crushed rock (if concept A is chosen), the bentonite’s original water and water added during mixing. Its composition is mainly dependent on which water is added. 18.1.13 Impurity levels The quantity and composition of impurities is mainly dependent on which backfill concept is chosen. The consequences of these impurities must be evaluated for each concept. A related question is the importance of foreign engineering materials and materials forgotten in the tunnels, see section 18.2.16 (general), 17.2.17 (iron and cement) and 19.2.19 (cement). Programme See sections 18.2.16, 17.2.17 and 19.2.19. 18.2 Processes in the backfill 18.2.1 Overview of processes Basically the same processes take place in the backfill as in the buffer, although sometimes on a different scale. Moreover, the crushed rock, if any (defined as an impurity in the backfill), plays a somewhat different role than the impurities in the buffer, for example by contributing to sorption. The research programme for the various processes in the backfill is dealt with in the following sections. 18.2.2 Integrated studies – composition and function The properties of the backfill are determined not only by its composition, but by the salinity of the groundwater as well. Salinity is of great importance for these properties, due to the fact that both swelling pressure and hydraulic conductivity are determined by the properties of the bentonite in the spaces between the crushed rock (concept A and possibly concept D). Since the bentonite density is low, the properties are very sensitive to salinity in certain concepts. As a result, the original composition of 15 percent bentonite and 85 percent crushed rock may be suitable for a site with a non-saline groundwater, while a site with a more saline water may require a higher proportion of bentonite. The exact composition of the backfill will be chosen when the necessary data are available from the site in question. The function of the backfill in general was identified as a priority research area in RD&D 2001. The requirements on the function of the backfill (swelling pressure, conductivity) are strongly related to its content of smectite or other swelling minerals. Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its review SKI comments that SKB should make sure how useful the results from the Backfill and Plug Test in the Äspö HRL are for choosing backfill materials and for investigating the interaction between backfill and buffer in the deposition holes. 230 RD&D-Programme 2004
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Technical Report TR-04-21 RD&D-Prog
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Preface SKB, Svensk Kärnbränsleha
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welding and nondestructive testing
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Alternative methods. SKB is followi
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5.5 Nondestructive testing of canis
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15 Fuel 163 15.1 Initial state in f
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18.1.10 Swelling pressure 229 18.1.
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Part I SKB’s programme and plan o
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Nuclear power plant Clab m/s Sigyn
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Figure 1-2. The Äspö HRL consists
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Figure 1-4. Interior from the Canis
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Siting SKB’s main alternative is
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Transport tunnel KBS-3V Deposition
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2.1 Nuclear fuel programme In Swede
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Encapsulation plant 2003 2004 2005
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2.2 LILW programme Parts of the sys
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environment. The barriers can also
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this cooperation entails that the o
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4 Overview - technology development
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4.7 Design of the deep repository T
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Diameter 1,050 Diameter 949 Diamete
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Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its re
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Figure 5-3. Graphite shapes in cast
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Figure 5-5. Positions for test bars
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Programme The development project c
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Programme Trial fabrication of all
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The technology and procedures for c
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A method and equipment based on las
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Spacer plate Defect A Defect B Chan
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Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001
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2004 2005 Process model welding met
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6.2.2 The welding process In parall
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Figure 6-9. Lid weld L028. Section
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Tensile test bars have been taken o
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6.3.3 The welding process The param
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A limitation in the evaluation of t
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Nondestructive testing methods such
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a b Through-transmission Reflection
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simulation program, and the body of
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SKB has devised a quality system fo
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8 Canister - encapsulation The desi
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Figure 8-2. Work stations in the en
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The filled canister transport casks
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Stages encapsulation plant 2003 200
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Figure 8-4. Possible location of a
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9 Transportation of encapsulated fu
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9.3 SKB’s transportation system -
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absorbs neutron radiation. The lid
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Applicable international and Swedis
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een specified yet. Since the size o
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• Methods exist for full-face dri
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Programme SKB keeps track of curren
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Judgement with regard to long-term
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Furthermore, it must not have an ad
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Studies of equipment will be conduc
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A third type of seal is intended to
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10.6.1 Requirements and premises In
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the long-term safety of the concept
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11.3 Execution - stepwise design Si
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Programme Design step D, which incl
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12 Deep repository - monitoring SKB
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• Trigger levels for action. •
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Part III Safety assessment and rese
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As a complement to the numerical mo
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Table 13-2. Research on the initial
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13.2.4 Backfill Together with Posiv
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Table 13-3. Projects and experiment
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spent nuclear fuel. It was neverthe
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concepts or whose descriptions requ
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14.2.2 Radionuclide transport and d
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At present, the computational time
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Inflow Nuclides in a soluble phase
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15.1.2 Geometry The deep repository
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7 6 BWR 55 MWd/tU PWR 42 MWd/tU PWR
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15.1.11 Gas composition Conclusions
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15.2.5 Heat transport Dealt with in
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simulating the repository environme
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238 U 237 Np 239 Pu Concentration,
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The catalytic effect of uranium dio
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Page 171 and 172: The influence of hydrogen peroxide
Page 173 and 174: A research programme to study cast
Page 175 and 176: Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001
Page 177 and 178: 16.2.3 Heat transport No new knowle
Page 179 and 180: Programme The ongoing experiments w
Page 183 and 184: Programme Short-term tests aimed at
Page 185 and 186: Swelling properties The buffer must
Page 189 and 190: have been performed for some ten co
Page 191 and 192: 17.1.13 Impurity levels Bentonite i
Page 193 and 194: out when the buffer swells, but our
Page 195 and 196: These processes have been studied i
Page 199 and 200: • The gas injection phase will be
Page 203 and 204: Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its re
Page 205 and 206: 19 9 D=205 d=175 D=172 d=170 D=168
Page 207 and 208: • Tests of the wetting process cl
Page 211 and 212: Figure 17-4. Natural redox front in
Page 213 and 214: These phenomena have been studied b
Page 215 and 216: 17.2.24 Radionuclide transport - ad
Page 217 and 218: Programme SKB does not consider sor
Page 219: 18.1.6 Smectite content SKB, togeth
Page 223 and 224: The wetting of the backfill from th
Page 225 and 226: Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its re
Page 227 and 228: ackfill must have a compression mod
Page 229 and 230: Programme See section 17.2.17. 18.2
Page 231 and 232: 18.2.23 Radionuclide transport - so
Page 233 and 234: 10 -5 I-129 Release rate (moles/yea
Page 235 and 236: and the rock matrix, is also crucia
Page 237 and 238: A thermal model will be constructed
Page 239 and 240: In a continuation of the super-regi
Page 241 and 242: A thorough overview has been done o
Page 243 and 244: The authorities are of the opinion
Page 247 and 248: 19.2.11 Advection/mixing - groundwa
Page 249 and 250: a so-called Markov-directed Random
Page 251 and 252: Diffusion measurements in the labor
Page 253 and 254: Uranium series analyses from clay-
Page 255 and 256: 19.2.18 Microbial processes Conclus
Page 257 and 258: 19.2.20 Colloid formation - colloid
Page 259 and 260: 19.2.23 Methane ice formation Concl
Page 261 and 262: 19.2.26 Integrated modelling - radi
Page 263 and 264: development that has taken place ha
Page 265 and 266: 20.2 Review of RD&D 2001 Following
Page 267 and 268: work will continue, particularly in
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The above work will be pursued in c
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certain substances, such as uranium
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In connection with the Safe project
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20.9 International work and dissemi
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the underlying material are current
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These reports describe dominant fun
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Glacial Permafrost Permafrost Borea
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Shoreline displacement has an isost
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The hydromechanical modellings that
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model that includes these factors a
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The salinity of the sea, inland sea
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• Public opinion and attitudes -
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Socioeconomic impact • Local deve
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Previously existing material is bei
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• The driving forces behind the d
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• Very effective methods for tran
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• A subcritical nuclear reactor w
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out in Cadarache, France. Hindas an
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Important results since 2001 includ
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Programme The goal of SKB’s resea
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Kasam says that disposal in Very De
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24 Decommissioning The facilities c
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SKB is responsible for management a
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25 Low- and intermediate-level wast
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25.2.1 Repository for short-lived L
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Programme Work on the design of the
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observation is that isosaccharinic
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stored so that the material can be
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6-4 Claesson S, 2004. Elektronstrå
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Chapter 14 14-1 SKB, 2004. Interim
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15-42 Ekeroth E, Jonsson M, 2003. O
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17-19 Le Bell J C, 1978. Colloid ch
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19-29 Hudson J (ed), 2002. Strategy
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19-77 Bath A, Milodowski A, Ruotsal
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20-19 Kautsky U (ed), 2001. The bio
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20-73 Blomqvist P, Jansson P-E, Esp
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20-119 Berggren J, Kyläkorpi L, 20
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23-10 NEA, 2002. Accelerator-driven
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SKB’s master plan Appendix A
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A1 Introduction A1.1 Background The
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generations unnecessarily. Another
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Encapsulation plant 2003 2004 2005
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facilitated by the fact that the re
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A2.3 System design A2.3.1 Fundament
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The system analyses will be largely
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Two safety reports will therefore b
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KBS-3H Basic Design Detailed engine
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Time horizon 2017 The current phase
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2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Phase
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In the subsequent phase, verificati
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The canister development work will
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Deep repository Year 2003 2004 2005
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A4.2 Site investigations Site inves
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Already in the feasibility study, l
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In step D2, the facility descriptio
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Table 4. Current situation and prel
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2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Desig
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Table 5. Continued. Technology issu
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A4.6.1 Siting factors Before priori
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A possible alternative scenario is
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of the NPPs starts, however, long-l
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Between now and 2008, an organizati
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Appendix B Abbreviations Abaqus ACL
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GIA Gis Goldsim Hindas HMC HPF HRL
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PMMA POD Posiva Prism Proper Protot
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ISSN 1404-0344 CM Digitaltryck AB,
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