RD&D-Programme 2004 - SKB

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Figure 6-7. Macrospecimen from weld TB 122. Welding test with oscillating beam. Figure 6-8. Radiograph of weld TB 122. If welding is interrupted, the cavity (key hole) in the material that constantly surrounds the beam during welding is retained. This provides an image of the shape of the beam. The round shape is important for avoiding root defects. 9 percent for surface treatment. Trials with an oscillating beam have been carried out in two lid welds (L028 and L029). Lid weld L028 was welded both with and without an oscillating beam at welding speeds of 250, 275, 300 and 325 millimetres per minute, see Figure 6-9 and Figure 6-10. The surface of the weld is smooth in the oscillated area. However, it is rough in the area welded without oscillation. A smaller quantity of near-surface incomplete penetration flaws were also formed when the welding speed was 325 millimetres per minute. The internal quality of the weld is good as a whole, although there are a few discontinuities in the area with rotation speeds of 250 and 275 millimetres per minute. The other lid weld (L029) was welded with a welding speed of 300 millimetres per minute. Both the homogeneity of the weld and the weld surface are excellent on the whole, see Figure 6-11. The results of these tests show that it is now possible to achieve welds of very high quality with homogeneous weld metal and a good weld surface. The occasional flaws that occur are mostly due to mechanical faults. All weld specimens in copper lids were examined by means of nondestructive testing. The typical discontinuities that were found were root defects, internal cavities, cavities associated with the surface and near-surface pores. After the introduction of the new cathode and oscillating beam welding at a high welding speed, the weld metal is now very homogeneous. An example of good homogeneity can be seen in Figure 6-8, where the weld metal is completely free of discontinuities. The shape of the electron beam can also be studied by means of radiography. If welding is interrupted, the cavity in the material that constantly surrounds the beam during welding is retained, which is a useful technique for understanding the relationship between beam shape and weld quality. RD&D-Programme 2004 71
Figure 6-9. Lid weld L028. Section welded with oscillating beam. Figure 6-10. Lid weld L028. Section welded without oscillating beam. Figure 6-11. Lid weld L029, welded with oscillating beam. All weld specimens are inspected visually before and after machining so that we can discover surface-breaking defects. The weld surfaces are also photographed digitally so that we can judge the shape and appearance of the welds. After the introduction of oscillating beam welding, the weld surfaces are now relatively smooth prior to machining. The working allowance for achieving finish-machined canister surfaces is more than sufficient, see Figure 6-11. After finish machining, occasional small pores (< 1 millimetre) have been observed on the surface of the weld. 72 RD&D-Programme 2004
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Technical Report TR-04-21 RD&D-Prog
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Preface SKB, Svensk Kärnbränsleha
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welding and nondestructive testing
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Alternative methods. SKB is followi
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5.5 Nondestructive testing of canis
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15 Fuel 163 15.1 Initial state in f
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18.1.10 Swelling pressure 229 18.1.
Page 15 and 16: Part I SKB’s programme and plan o
Page 17 and 18: Nuclear power plant Clab m/s Sigyn
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1-2. The Äspö HRL consists
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1-4. Interior from the Canis
Page 23 and 24: Siting SKB’s main alternative is
Page 25 and 26: Transport tunnel KBS-3V Deposition
Page 27 and 28: 2.1 Nuclear fuel programme In Swede
Page 29 and 30: Encapsulation plant 2003 2004 2005
Page 31 and 32: 2.2 LILW programme Parts of the sys
Page 33 and 34: environment. The barriers can also
Page 35 and 36: this cooperation entails that the o
Page 37 and 38: 4 Overview - technology development
Page 39 and 40: 4.7 Design of the deep repository T
Page 41 and 42: Diameter 1,050 Diameter 949 Diamete
Page 43 and 44: Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its re
Page 45 and 46: Figure 5-3. Graphite shapes in cast
Page 47 and 48: Figure 5-5. Positions for test bars
Page 49 and 50: Programme The development project c
Page 51 and 52: Programme Trial fabrication of all
Page 53 and 54: The technology and procedures for c
Page 55 and 56: A method and equipment based on las
Page 57 and 58: Spacer plate Defect A Defect B Chan
Page 59 and 60: Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001
Page 61 and 62: 2004 2005 Process model welding met
Page 65: 6.2.2 The welding process In parall
Page 69 and 70: Tensile test bars have been taken o
Page 73 and 74: 6.3.3 The welding process The param
Page 75 and 76: A limitation in the evaluation of t
Page 77 and 78: Nondestructive testing methods such
Page 79 and 80: a b Through-transmission Reflection
Page 81 and 82: simulation program, and the body of
Page 83 and 84: SKB has devised a quality system fo
Page 85 and 86: Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001
Page 87 and 88: 8 Canister - encapsulation The desi
Page 89 and 90: Figure 8-2. Work stations in the en
Page 91 and 92: The filled canister transport casks
Page 93 and 94: Stages encapsulation plant 2003 200
Page 95 and 96: Figure 8-4. Possible location of a
Page 97 and 98: 9 Transportation of encapsulated fu
Page 99 and 100: 9.3 SKB’s transportation system -
Page 101 and 102: absorbs neutron radiation. The lid
Page 103 and 104: Applicable international and Swedis
Page 105 and 106: een specified yet. Since the size o
Page 107 and 108: • Methods exist for full-face dri
Page 109 and 110: Programme SKB keeps track of curren
Page 111 and 112: Judgement with regard to long-term
Page 113 and 114: Furthermore, it must not have an ad
Page 115 and 116: Studies of equipment will be conduc
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A third type of seal is intended to
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10.6.1 Requirements and premises In
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the long-term safety of the concept
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Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001
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Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its re
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11.3 Execution - stepwise design Si
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Programme Design step D, which incl
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12 Deep repository - monitoring SKB
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• Trigger levels for action. •
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Part III Safety assessment and rese
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As a complement to the numerical mo
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Table 13-2. Research on the initial
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13.2.4 Backfill Together with Posiv
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Table 13-3. Projects and experiment
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spent nuclear fuel. It was neverthe
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concepts or whose descriptions requ
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14.2.2 Radionuclide transport and d
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At present, the computational time
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Inflow Nuclides in a soluble phase
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15.1.2 Geometry The deep repository
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7 6 BWR 55 MWd/tU PWR 42 MWd/tU PWR
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15.1.11 Gas composition Conclusions
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15.2.5 Heat transport Dealt with in
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simulating the repository environme
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238 U 237 Np 239 Pu Concentration,
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The catalytic effect of uranium dio
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oxidant consumption in the bulk sol
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The influence of hydrogen peroxide
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A research programme to study cast
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16.2.3 Heat transport No new knowle
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Programme The ongoing experiments w
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Programme Short-term tests aimed at
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Swelling properties The buffer must
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have been performed for some ten co
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17.1.13 Impurity levels Bentonite i
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out when the buffer swells, but our
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These processes have been studied i
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• The gas injection phase will be
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19 9 D=205 d=175 D=172 d=170 D=168
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• Tests of the wetting process cl
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Figure 17-4. Natural redox front in
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These phenomena have been studied b
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17.2.24 Radionuclide transport - ad
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Programme SKB does not consider sor
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18.1.6 Smectite content SKB, togeth
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Programme See section 18.2.2. 18.1.
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The wetting of the backfill from th
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ackfill must have a compression mod
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Programme See section 17.2.17. 18.2
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18.2.23 Radionuclide transport - so
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10 -5 I-129 Release rate (moles/yea
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and the rock matrix, is also crucia
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A thermal model will be constructed
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In a continuation of the super-regi
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A thorough overview has been done o
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The authorities are of the opinion
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19.2.11 Advection/mixing - groundwa
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a so-called Markov-directed Random
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Diffusion measurements in the labor
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Uranium series analyses from clay-
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19.2.18 Microbial processes Conclus
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19.2.20 Colloid formation - colloid
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19.2.23 Methane ice formation Concl
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19.2.26 Integrated modelling - radi
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development that has taken place ha
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20.2 Review of RD&D 2001 Following
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work will continue, particularly in
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2 In Sea (mol) 3 Water Sea (mol/m 3
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The above work will be pursued in c
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certain substances, such as uranium
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In connection with the Safe project
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20.9 International work and dissemi
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the underlying material are current
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These reports describe dominant fun
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Glacial Permafrost Permafrost Borea
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Shoreline displacement has an isost
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The hydromechanical modellings that
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model that includes these factors a
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The salinity of the sea, inland sea
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• Public opinion and attitudes -
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Socioeconomic impact • Local deve
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Previously existing material is bei
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• The driving forces behind the d
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• Very effective methods for tran
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• A subcritical nuclear reactor w
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out in Cadarache, France. Hindas an
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Important results since 2001 includ
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Programme The goal of SKB’s resea
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Kasam says that disposal in Very De
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24 Decommissioning The facilities c
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SKB is responsible for management a
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25 Low- and intermediate-level wast
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25.2.1 Repository for short-lived L
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Programme Work on the design of the
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observation is that isosaccharinic
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stored so that the material can be
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6-4 Claesson S, 2004. Elektronstrå
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Chapter 14 14-1 SKB, 2004. Interim
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15-42 Ekeroth E, Jonsson M, 2003. O
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17-19 Le Bell J C, 1978. Colloid ch
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19-29 Hudson J (ed), 2002. Strategy
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19-77 Bath A, Milodowski A, Ruotsal
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20-19 Kautsky U (ed), 2001. The bio
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20-73 Blomqvist P, Jansson P-E, Esp
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20-119 Berggren J, Kyläkorpi L, 20
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23-10 NEA, 2002. Accelerator-driven
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SKB’s master plan Appendix A
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A1 Introduction A1.1 Background The
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generations unnecessarily. Another
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Encapsulation plant 2003 2004 2005
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facilitated by the fact that the re
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A2.3 System design A2.3.1 Fundament
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The system analyses will be largely
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Two safety reports will therefore b
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KBS-3H Basic Design Detailed engine
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Time horizon 2017 The current phase
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2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Phase
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In the subsequent phase, verificati
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The canister development work will
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Deep repository Year 2003 2004 2005
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A4.2 Site investigations Site inves
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Already in the feasibility study, l
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In step D2, the facility descriptio
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Table 4. Current situation and prel
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2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Desig
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Table 5. Continued. Technology issu
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A4.6.1 Siting factors Before priori
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A possible alternative scenario is
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of the NPPs starts, however, long-l
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Between now and 2008, an organizati
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Appendix B Abbreviations Abaqus ACL
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GIA Gis Goldsim Hindas HMC HPF HRL
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PMMA POD Posiva Prism Proper Protot
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ISSN 1404-0344 CM Digitaltryck AB,
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