RD&D-Programme 2004 - SKB

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Table 6-1. Technical data for the EBW machine. Developed by TWI Delivered to SKB 1997 Commissioned 1998 Beam power Acceleration voltage Beam current Cathode heating by 100 kW 200 kV 500 mA RF 84 MHz, 250 W Cathode material Ceramic LaB 6 Filament material Tungsten alloy Chamber size 180 m 3 Chamber pressure CNC system Control system Monitoring system 0.1 mbar Siemens 840C TWI NI Labview 4.0/TWI Single core high voltage cable High voltage insulator Atmosphere Vacuum (~0.1 mbar) Chamber wall RF input N3 nozzle Cathode Anode Pumping ports Lower lens coil Electron beam RF aerial Gun cartridge Alignment coils N1 nozzle Upper lens coil N2 nozzle Lower alignment coils Heat shield Copper canister Figure 6-2. Schematic drawing of gun. The welding system is being developed at TWI and the Canister Laboratory. So far the work has concerned the following areas: • New type of cathode (TWI). • Equipment for measurement and oscillation of the electron beam (TWI). • Reduced pressure in the welding chamber (Canister Laboratory). • Welding parameters after installation of a new cathode (Canister Laboratory). • Study of the shape of the electron beam (Canister Laboratory). • Welding trials with oscillating electron beam on copper blocks and copper lids (Canister Laboratory). RD&D-Programme 2004 67
Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its review Kasam says in its review that a great deal of work remains to be done on sealing of the canister. Further studies should be conducted of FSW and EBW until one of the methods gives completely satisfactory results. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms that give rise to defects in the canister must be built up. SKI says that the documentation of the welding technique for EBW, with regard to both achieved progress and planned work, is far too scanty and recommends that SKB compile the results achieved as soon as possible. Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001 The results of the development work on EBW have been described in two reports /6-3, 6-4/. Since 2001, SKB has been working to investigate the mechanisms that give rise to defects in the weld. This has been done in close cooperation with TWI. Several technical breakthroughs have been made with regard to generation and control of electron beams as well as process control. The most important aspects have been development of technology for controlling the electron beam’s energy distribution, and installation and use of a system to measure and oscillate the beam. Due to the parallel development of process and welding systems, the pace of development has been inhibited by the implementation of untested solutions in the system. This has in turn led to problems with availability. A programme has been initiated to tackle these problems. A new type of cathode was developed by TWI in 2002. The goal of the development work on this cathode was to achieve an electron beam that provides a round weld profile in the root (the bottom of the beam) and that has a root radius greater than 2.5 millimetres. The risk of root defects is then minimal. The cathode produced a much better weld profile in tests than before. The root radius was greater than two millimetres in most cases. Although the goal was not reached in terms of root radius, the cathode was nevertheless considered to be good enough. Details concerning cathode design and beam shape cannot be revealed at this time, since TWI is exploring the possibility of applying for a patent. TWI has developed equipment for measurement and oscillation of the beam. The equipment was installed and commissioned in the Canister Laboratory in September 2003. It consists of a coil for oscillating the beam, a measurement probe, two computers (one for control of the process and one for collection of welding data), software for control and data collection, plus a control console, electronics cabinet and cabling between the units. When the shape of the beam is to be measured, a holder, including a measurement probe on three bars, is mounted on the coil’s extension into the welding chamber, see Figure 6-3. The control console (see Figure 6-4) has been replaced with a new, bigger console that has been modified to suit the new equipment. Figure 6-3. Coil with holder for beam defection. Figure 6-4. Control console for EBW system. 68 RD&D-Programme 2004
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Technical Report TR-04-21 RD&D-Prog
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Preface SKB, Svensk Kärnbränsleha
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welding and nondestructive testing
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Alternative methods. SKB is followi
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5.5 Nondestructive testing of canis
Page 11 and 12: 15 Fuel 163 15.1 Initial state in f
Page 13 and 14: 18.1.10 Swelling pressure 229 18.1.
Page 15 and 16: Part I SKB’s programme and plan o
Page 17 and 18: Nuclear power plant Clab m/s Sigyn
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1-2. The Äspö HRL consists
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1-4. Interior from the Canis
Page 23 and 24: Siting SKB’s main alternative is
Page 25 and 26: Transport tunnel KBS-3V Deposition
Page 27 and 28: 2.1 Nuclear fuel programme In Swede
Page 29 and 30: Encapsulation plant 2003 2004 2005
Page 31 and 32: 2.2 LILW programme Parts of the sys
Page 33 and 34: environment. The barriers can also
Page 35 and 36: this cooperation entails that the o
Page 37 and 38: 4 Overview - technology development
Page 39 and 40: 4.7 Design of the deep repository T
Page 41 and 42: Diameter 1,050 Diameter 949 Diamete
Page 43 and 44: Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its re
Page 45 and 46: Figure 5-3. Graphite shapes in cast
Page 47 and 48: Figure 5-5. Positions for test bars
Page 49 and 50: Programme The development project c
Page 51 and 52: Programme Trial fabrication of all
Page 53 and 54: The technology and procedures for c
Page 55 and 56: A method and equipment based on las
Page 57 and 58: Spacer plate Defect A Defect B Chan
Page 59 and 60: Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001
Page 61: 2004 2005 Process model welding met
Page 65 and 66: 6.2.2 The welding process In parall
Page 67 and 68: Figure 6-9. Lid weld L028. Section
Page 69 and 70: Tensile test bars have been taken o
Page 71 and 72: Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its re
Page 73 and 74: 6.3.3 The welding process The param
Page 75 and 76: A limitation in the evaluation of t
Page 77 and 78: Nondestructive testing methods such
Page 79 and 80: a b Through-transmission Reflection
Page 81 and 82: simulation program, and the body of
Page 83 and 84: SKB has devised a quality system fo
Page 85 and 86: Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001
Page 87 and 88: 8 Canister - encapsulation The desi
Page 89 and 90: Figure 8-2. Work stations in the en
Page 91 and 92: The filled canister transport casks
Page 93 and 94: Stages encapsulation plant 2003 200
Page 95 and 96: Figure 8-4. Possible location of a
Page 97 and 98: 9 Transportation of encapsulated fu
Page 99 and 100: 9.3 SKB’s transportation system -
Page 101 and 102: absorbs neutron radiation. The lid
Page 103 and 104: Applicable international and Swedis
Page 105 and 106: een specified yet. Since the size o
Page 107 and 108: • Methods exist for full-face dri
Page 109 and 110: Programme SKB keeps track of curren
Page 111 and 112: Judgement with regard to long-term
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Furthermore, it must not have an ad
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Studies of equipment will be conduc
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A third type of seal is intended to
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10.6.1 Requirements and premises In
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the long-term safety of the concept
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Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001
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Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its re
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11.3 Execution - stepwise design Si
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Programme Design step D, which incl
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12 Deep repository - monitoring SKB
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• Trigger levels for action. •
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Part III Safety assessment and rese
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As a complement to the numerical mo
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Table 13-2. Research on the initial
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13.2.4 Backfill Together with Posiv
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Table 13-3. Projects and experiment
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spent nuclear fuel. It was neverthe
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concepts or whose descriptions requ
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14.2.2 Radionuclide transport and d
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At present, the computational time
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Inflow Nuclides in a soluble phase
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15.1.2 Geometry The deep repository
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7 6 BWR 55 MWd/tU PWR 42 MWd/tU PWR
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15.1.11 Gas composition Conclusions
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15.2.5 Heat transport Dealt with in
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simulating the repository environme
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238 U 237 Np 239 Pu Concentration,
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The catalytic effect of uranium dio
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oxidant consumption in the bulk sol
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The influence of hydrogen peroxide
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A research programme to study cast
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16.2.3 Heat transport No new knowle
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Programme The ongoing experiments w
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Programme Short-term tests aimed at
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Swelling properties The buffer must
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have been performed for some ten co
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17.1.13 Impurity levels Bentonite i
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out when the buffer swells, but our
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These processes have been studied i
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• The gas injection phase will be
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19 9 D=205 d=175 D=172 d=170 D=168
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• Tests of the wetting process cl
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Figure 17-4. Natural redox front in
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These phenomena have been studied b
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17.2.24 Radionuclide transport - ad
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Programme SKB does not consider sor
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18.1.6 Smectite content SKB, togeth
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Programme See section 18.2.2. 18.1.
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The wetting of the backfill from th
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ackfill must have a compression mod
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Programme See section 17.2.17. 18.2
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18.2.23 Radionuclide transport - so
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10 -5 I-129 Release rate (moles/yea
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and the rock matrix, is also crucia
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A thermal model will be constructed
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In a continuation of the super-regi
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A thorough overview has been done o
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The authorities are of the opinion
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19.2.11 Advection/mixing - groundwa
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a so-called Markov-directed Random
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Diffusion measurements in the labor
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Uranium series analyses from clay-
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19.2.18 Microbial processes Conclus
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19.2.20 Colloid formation - colloid
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19.2.23 Methane ice formation Concl
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19.2.26 Integrated modelling - radi
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development that has taken place ha
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20.2 Review of RD&D 2001 Following
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work will continue, particularly in
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2 In Sea (mol) 3 Water Sea (mol/m 3
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The above work will be pursued in c
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certain substances, such as uranium
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In connection with the Safe project
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20.9 International work and dissemi
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the underlying material are current
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These reports describe dominant fun
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Glacial Permafrost Permafrost Borea
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Shoreline displacement has an isost
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The hydromechanical modellings that
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model that includes these factors a
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The salinity of the sea, inland sea
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• Public opinion and attitudes -
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Socioeconomic impact • Local deve
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Previously existing material is bei
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• The driving forces behind the d
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• Very effective methods for tran
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• A subcritical nuclear reactor w
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out in Cadarache, France. Hindas an
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Important results since 2001 includ
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Programme The goal of SKB’s resea
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Kasam says that disposal in Very De
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24 Decommissioning The facilities c
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SKB is responsible for management a
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25 Low- and intermediate-level wast
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25.2.1 Repository for short-lived L
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Programme Work on the design of the
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observation is that isosaccharinic
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stored so that the material can be
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6-4 Claesson S, 2004. Elektronstrå
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Chapter 14 14-1 SKB, 2004. Interim
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15-42 Ekeroth E, Jonsson M, 2003. O
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17-19 Le Bell J C, 1978. Colloid ch
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19-29 Hudson J (ed), 2002. Strategy
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19-77 Bath A, Milodowski A, Ruotsal
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20-19 Kautsky U (ed), 2001. The bio
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20-73 Blomqvist P, Jansson P-E, Esp
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20-119 Berggren J, Kyläkorpi L, 20
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23-10 NEA, 2002. Accelerator-driven
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SKB’s master plan Appendix A
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A1 Introduction A1.1 Background The
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generations unnecessarily. Another
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Encapsulation plant 2003 2004 2005
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facilitated by the fact that the re
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A2.3 System design A2.3.1 Fundament
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The system analyses will be largely
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Two safety reports will therefore b
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KBS-3H Basic Design Detailed engine
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Time horizon 2017 The current phase
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2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Phase
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In the subsequent phase, verificati
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The canister development work will
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Deep repository Year 2003 2004 2005
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A4.2 Site investigations Site inves
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Already in the feasibility study, l
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In step D2, the facility descriptio
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Table 4. Current situation and prel
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2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Desig
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Table 5. Continued. Technology issu
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A4.6.1 Siting factors Before priori
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A possible alternative scenario is
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of the NPPs starts, however, long-l
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Between now and 2008, an organizati
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Appendix B Abbreviations Abaqus ACL
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GIA Gis Goldsim Hindas HMC HPF HRL
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PMMA POD Posiva Prism Proper Protot
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ISSN 1404-0344 CM Digitaltryck AB,
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RD&D-Programme 2004 - SKB

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