RD&D-Programme 2004 - SKB

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The requirements on site-specific design are governed by the general goals for the site investigation phase and the subsequent construction phase. They entail that the facility descriptions and plans that are presented must be sufficiently specific in order to: • Serve as a basis for safety evaluations (PSE after initial site investigations) and ultimately safety assessments (SR-Site after the complete site investigation) which show that a deep repository on the site in question satisfies the safety requirements. • Serve as a basis for an environmental impact statement showing that the deep repository project can be implemented with acceptable consequences for man and the environment. • Show that a deep repository on the site in question can be built and operated with known technology and so that requirements on personal safety, occupational safety, efficiency and cost-effectiveness are satisfied. Design is carried out in steps in the manner illustrated in Figure 11. Up until permit application, the design work is carried out in three steps (D0, D1, D2) for the candidate sites. Then, while the authorities are processing the permit application, work begins on main documents for a deep repository on the chosen site, starting with for the facility parts that come first in the building process after a permit decision. The process up until permit application ties in with the subdivision of the entire deep repository project into stages according to Figure 10. In step D0 (see Figure 11), possible locations and configurations of facility parts and activities which the deep repository requires on the surface are studied. This step is almost finished. In step D1, which is currently under way, the preliminary layout and dimensions of the facility parts under ground are determined, based on data from the initial site investigation. A key issue in this step is the size (area requirement under ground) a repository on the site would have, in relation to the rock volumes that are available. Schematic solutions and locations for descents (ramp and shafts) and central area are other issues that are dealt with and that are of great importance for the overall result. The preliminary facility description describes locations and extent of facility parts above and below ground. The description is used as a basis for further investigations, for consultations on environmental consequences, and for SR-Can. Application Permit Programme phases Feasibility study Site investigation phase Construction phase ISI CSI Design phases Feasibility study Draft document phase Main and construction document phase Design steps E D0 D1 D2 Main documents Engineering documents Documentation Scope Integrated non-site-specific design Integrated site-specific design Detailed design of: industrial area, ramp, rock caverns, tunnels, surface buildings, utility systems, handling equipment, vehicles, etc. Number of sites Siting alternatives from feasibility studies Selected sites for SI Selected site for application under MB/KTL Figure 11. Plan and subdivision into stages of design of the deep repository. 390 RD&D-Programme 2004
In step D2, the facility description is revised taking into account the information from the complete site investigation. One of the end products is the facility description that serves as a basis for SR-Site and the environmental impact statement, and that is included in the supporting material for the application, see section A4.5. The design and gradual build-out of the deep repository on the selected site will take many years. The work will be affected by the rock conditions encountered, among other things. It is therefore important that the solutions that are arrived at during the site investigation phase provide sufficient flexibility for possible changes later on. More or less final decisions must nevertheless be made on issues that are of great importance for the site-specific design of certain subsystems as well as for the facility as a whole. Tables 3a and 3b show design issues that are of central importance during the site investigation phase, in the sense that important choices or prioritizations must be made. Significant links to the design of the facility as such (layout, engineering, construction, operation), and its long-term safety and performance, as well as health and environmental aspects, are indicated in qualitative form. The issues span over a wide field with respect to development needs, and tables 3a and 3b correspond to a rough breakdown into two categories: • Table 3a pertains to issues or subsystems that can be said to be “conventional” in the sense that they are not unique to the deep repository – equivalent functions can be found in other hard rock facilities, and technology is available. • Table 3b pertains to issues or subsystems that require extensive development work because they are unique to the deep repository, or because available technology must be modified to a greater extent. With few exceptions, the design issues or subsystems shown in Table 3a are not related to long-term safety other than indirectly. The required knowledge and technology can therefore be obtained from outside sources, and the work essentially consists of adapting solutions to the requirements of the deep repository and conditions on the site, based on this knowledge and on various analyses and alternative comparisons. As is evident from the table, this applies to: • Infrastructure and facilities parts above ground (conventional site preparation and civil engineering works). • Access alternatives (schematic solution and locations). • Rock spoil (hoisting, handling, treatment). • Ventilation and drainage of the underground facilities. Table 4 summarizes interim goals for these issues, for design steps D1 and D2, and documents (main and construction documents) that are needed in the next step. Note that D1 and D2 are facility descriptions that should be submitted at given times according to Figure 11. Main and construction documents, on the other hand, are prepared during the construction phase as they are needed for contract procurements. The issues or subsystems given in Table 3b are, as noted above, all subject to technology development, in some cases with the support of basic research. The solutions arrived at are implemented during the design process. Section A4.4 gives an overview of interim goals etc linked to the design stages in the site investigation phase. Status and programme for the development work are presented in Chapter 11. RD&D-Programme 2004 391
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Technical Report TR-04-21 RD&D-Prog
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Preface SKB, Svensk Kärnbränsleha
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welding and nondestructive testing
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Alternative methods. SKB is followi
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5.5 Nondestructive testing of canis
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15 Fuel 163 15.1 Initial state in f
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18.1.10 Swelling pressure 229 18.1.
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Part I SKB’s programme and plan o
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Nuclear power plant Clab m/s Sigyn
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Figure 1-2. The Äspö HRL consists
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Figure 1-4. Interior from the Canis
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Siting SKB’s main alternative is
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Transport tunnel KBS-3V Deposition
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2.1 Nuclear fuel programme In Swede
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Encapsulation plant 2003 2004 2005
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2.2 LILW programme Parts of the sys
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environment. The barriers can also
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this cooperation entails that the o
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4 Overview - technology development
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4.7 Design of the deep repository T
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Diameter 1,050 Diameter 949 Diamete
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Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its re
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Figure 5-3. Graphite shapes in cast
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Figure 5-5. Positions for test bars
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Programme The development project c
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Programme Trial fabrication of all
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The technology and procedures for c
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A method and equipment based on las
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Spacer plate Defect A Defect B Chan
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Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001
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2004 2005 Process model welding met
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6.2.2 The welding process In parall
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Figure 6-9. Lid weld L028. Section
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Tensile test bars have been taken o
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6.3.3 The welding process The param
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A limitation in the evaluation of t
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Nondestructive testing methods such
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a b Through-transmission Reflection
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simulation program, and the body of
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SKB has devised a quality system fo
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8 Canister - encapsulation The desi
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Figure 8-2. Work stations in the en
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The filled canister transport casks
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Stages encapsulation plant 2003 200
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Figure 8-4. Possible location of a
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9 Transportation of encapsulated fu
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9.3 SKB’s transportation system -
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absorbs neutron radiation. The lid
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Applicable international and Swedis
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een specified yet. Since the size o
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• Methods exist for full-face dri
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Programme SKB keeps track of curren
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Judgement with regard to long-term
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Furthermore, it must not have an ad
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Studies of equipment will be conduc
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A third type of seal is intended to
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10.6.1 Requirements and premises In
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the long-term safety of the concept
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11.3 Execution - stepwise design Si
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Programme Design step D, which incl
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12 Deep repository - monitoring SKB
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• Trigger levels for action. •
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Part III Safety assessment and rese
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As a complement to the numerical mo
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Table 13-2. Research on the initial
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13.2.4 Backfill Together with Posiv
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Table 13-3. Projects and experiment
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spent nuclear fuel. It was neverthe
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concepts or whose descriptions requ
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14.2.2 Radionuclide transport and d
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At present, the computational time
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Inflow Nuclides in a soluble phase
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15.1.2 Geometry The deep repository
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7 6 BWR 55 MWd/tU PWR 42 MWd/tU PWR
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15.1.11 Gas composition Conclusions
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15.2.5 Heat transport Dealt with in
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simulating the repository environme
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238 U 237 Np 239 Pu Concentration,
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The catalytic effect of uranium dio
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oxidant consumption in the bulk sol
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The influence of hydrogen peroxide
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A research programme to study cast
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16.2.3 Heat transport No new knowle
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Programme The ongoing experiments w
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Programme Short-term tests aimed at
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Swelling properties The buffer must
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have been performed for some ten co
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17.1.13 Impurity levels Bentonite i
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out when the buffer swells, but our
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These processes have been studied i
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• The gas injection phase will be
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19 9 D=205 d=175 D=172 d=170 D=168
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• Tests of the wetting process cl
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Figure 17-4. Natural redox front in
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These phenomena have been studied b
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17.2.24 Radionuclide transport - ad
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Programme SKB does not consider sor
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18.1.6 Smectite content SKB, togeth
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Programme See section 18.2.2. 18.1.
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The wetting of the backfill from th
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ackfill must have a compression mod
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Programme See section 17.2.17. 18.2
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18.2.23 Radionuclide transport - so
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10 -5 I-129 Release rate (moles/yea
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and the rock matrix, is also crucia
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A thermal model will be constructed
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In a continuation of the super-regi
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A thorough overview has been done o
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The authorities are of the opinion
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19.2.11 Advection/mixing - groundwa
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a so-called Markov-directed Random
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Diffusion measurements in the labor
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Uranium series analyses from clay-
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19.2.18 Microbial processes Conclus
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19.2.20 Colloid formation - colloid
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19.2.23 Methane ice formation Concl
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19.2.26 Integrated modelling - radi
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development that has taken place ha
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20.2 Review of RD&D 2001 Following
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work will continue, particularly in
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2 In Sea (mol) 3 Water Sea (mol/m 3
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The above work will be pursued in c
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certain substances, such as uranium
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In connection with the Safe project
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20.9 International work and dissemi
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the underlying material are current
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These reports describe dominant fun
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Glacial Permafrost Permafrost Borea
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Shoreline displacement has an isost
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The hydromechanical modellings that
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model that includes these factors a
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The salinity of the sea, inland sea
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• Public opinion and attitudes -
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Socioeconomic impact • Local deve
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Previously existing material is bei
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• The driving forces behind the d
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• Very effective methods for tran
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• A subcritical nuclear reactor w
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out in Cadarache, France. Hindas an
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Important results since 2001 includ
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Programme The goal of SKB’s resea
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Kasam says that disposal in Very De
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24 Decommissioning The facilities c
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SKB is responsible for management a
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25 Low- and intermediate-level wast
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25.2.1 Repository for short-lived L
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Programme Work on the design of the
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observation is that isosaccharinic
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stored so that the material can be
Page 327 and 328: 6-4 Claesson S, 2004. Elektronstrå
Page 329 and 330: Chapter 14 14-1 SKB, 2004. Interim
Page 331 and 332: 15-42 Ekeroth E, Jonsson M, 2003. O
Page 333 and 334: 17-19 Le Bell J C, 1978. Colloid ch
Page 335 and 336: 19-29 Hudson J (ed), 2002. Strategy
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Page 339 and 340: 20-19 Kautsky U (ed), 2001. The bio
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Page 345 and 346: 23-10 NEA, 2002. Accelerator-driven
Page 347 and 348: SKB’s master plan Appendix A
Page 349 and 350: A1 Introduction A1.1 Background The
Page 351 and 352: generations unnecessarily. Another
Page 353 and 354: Encapsulation plant 2003 2004 2005
Page 355 and 356: facilitated by the fact that the re
Page 357 and 358: A2.3 System design A2.3.1 Fundament
Page 359 and 360: The system analyses will be largely
Page 361 and 362: Two safety reports will therefore b
Page 363 and 364: KBS-3H Basic Design Detailed engine
Page 365 and 366: Time horizon 2017 The current phase
Page 367 and 368: 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Phase
Page 369 and 370: In the subsequent phase, verificati
Page 371 and 372: The canister development work will
Page 373 and 374: Deep repository Year 2003 2004 2005
Page 375 and 376: A4.2 Site investigations Site inves
Page 377: Already in the feasibility study, l
Page 381 and 382: Table 4. Current situation and prel
Page 383 and 384: 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Desig
Page 385 and 386: Table 5. Continued. Technology issu
Page 387 and 388: A4.6.1 Siting factors Before priori
Page 389 and 390: A possible alternative scenario is
Page 391 and 392: of the NPPs starts, however, long-l
Page 393 and 394: Between now and 2008, an organizati
Page 395 and 396: Appendix B Abbreviations Abaqus ACL
Page 397 and 398: GIA Gis Goldsim Hindas HMC HPF HRL
Page 399 and 400: PMMA POD Posiva Prism Proper Protot
Page 401: ISSN 1404-0344 CM Digitaltryck AB,
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RD&D-Programme 2004 - SKB

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