RD&D-Programme 2004 - SKB

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• Investigations and design of a deep repository are being pursued at both of these sites. SKB will apply for a permit to locate the deep repository on one of these sites at a later stage. • Both the encapsulation plant and the deep repository require permits under the Environmental Code and the Nuclear Activities Act. Statutory consultation procedures for this have been commenced. The coming decision processes are relative well defined. On this basis, SKB has updated the plans of action for the remainder of the programme. The main goal is to be able to put the entire system, including the remaining facilities, into operation. Important interim goals are to obtain the permits needed to establish the encapsulation plant and the deep repository. 2.1.2 Planning The overall goal for SKB’s work of managing and disposing of the spent nuclear fuel is that the encapsulation plant and the first stage of the deep repository should be completed in 2017, see Figure 2-1. A period of initial operation can then be commenced. Between 200 and 400 canisters of spent nuclear fuel will be deposited during this phase. The initial operation period should also serve as a final test and demonstration of the method. If evaluation of the initial operation period provides support for a transition to regular operation, the latter should be able to be commenced in 2023. If regular operation gets started later, the storage capacity in Clab will not suffice and the facility will have to be expanded. If the last reactor is taken out of service in around 2025, the last canisters will be able to be deposited in the deep repository in around 2050. The deposition rate during regular operation will then be about 160 canisters per year on average. The whole programme can then be concluded in around 2060. The plan has been revised somewhat compared with the previous RD&D-programme. The timetable that spans such a long period of time naturally contains many uncertainties. However, it also comprises a basis for decisions concerning strategies and priorities for the years to come and is continuously updated as better data becomes available. A prerequisite for the execution of this deep disposal programme is that it continues to receive the broad support it enjoys today. The goal for the period up to the end of 2008 is to be able to submit permit applications for the encapsulation plant and the deep repository, see Figure 2-2. The prerequisites for being able to realize this goal are: • Application for a permit to build an encapsulation plant assumes that it is sited adjacent to Clab. If the Clab siting is rejected as the main alternative, the timetable must be revised. The second-choice alternative is a siting at Forsmark. However, this assumes that the deep repository is also located on this site. • The two site investigations for the deep repository are carried out within the planned timeframe, i.e. by the middle of 2007. The results of the investigations must also be favourable enough to warrant an application for a permit to build the deep repository on one of the sites. If siting at one of these sites is not possible and the programme has to be extended to additional sites, the timetable will have to be revised. • Development of the technology for encapsulation and deep disposal continues at the planned pace and with the anticipated progress. Unexpected problems in some critical point may lead to delays and revisions. RD&D-Programme 2004 31
Encapsulation plant 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 SKB Application KTL, MB PERMIT Application KTL PERMIT Safety assessments SR-Can Consultations, EIA Design Draft documents (Stage D) Authorities Government Municipality Deep repository 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 SKB Site investigations Oskarshamn, Forsmark Safety assessments Preliminary evaluations APPLI- CATION Main documents Building permit Application KTL, MB Evaluation SR-Site PERMIT Engineering documents Construction Rock Buildings Installations Commissioning Trial operation APPLI- CATION Application KTL Documentation Operating licence PERMIT Initial operation Initial operation Consultations, EIA Design Draft documents (Stage D) Main documents Engineering documents Documentation Authorities Government Municipality APPLI- CATION Building permit Construction, detailed characterization Rock Buildings Installations Commissioning Trial operation APPLI- CATION Operating licence Figure 2-2. Plans for the encapsulation plant and the deep repository 2004–2017. SKB’s planning in the short term is dependent on the time required for the site investigations and for producing the site-specific supporting material (facility design, safety assessment, EIS) based on the results of these investigations. Producing and compiling this material is of high priority for SKB. The planning must also take into account the linkage between the facilities. This linkage means that the production of supporting material must be coordinated in important respects. In view of the construction times for the facilities, the licensing process for the encapsulation plant must lie slightly ahead of that for the deep repository. Much of the supporting material to be compiled for a permit application for the encapsulation plant is also relevant to the deep repository. According to the plans, a permit application for the encapsulation plant is supposed to be submitted in 2006 and for the deep repository at the end of 2008, see Figure 2-3. 32 RD&D-Programme 2004
Page 1 and 2: Technical Report TR-04-21 RD&D-Prog
Page 3 and 4: Preface SKB, Svensk Kärnbränsleha
Page 5 and 6: welding and nondestructive testing
Page 7 and 8: Alternative methods. SKB is followi
Page 9 and 10: 5.5 Nondestructive testing of canis
Page 11 and 12: 15 Fuel 163 15.1 Initial state in f
Page 13 and 14: 18.1.10 Swelling pressure 229 18.1.
Page 15 and 16: Part I SKB’s programme and plan o
Page 17 and 18: Nuclear power plant Clab m/s Sigyn
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1-2. The Äspö HRL consists
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1-4. Interior from the Canis
Page 23 and 24: Siting SKB’s main alternative is
Page 25 and 26: Transport tunnel KBS-3V Deposition
Page 27: 2.1 Nuclear fuel programme In Swede
Page 31 and 32: 2.2 LILW programme Parts of the sys
Page 33 and 34: environment. The barriers can also
Page 35 and 36: this cooperation entails that the o
Page 37 and 38: 4 Overview - technology development
Page 39 and 40: 4.7 Design of the deep repository T
Page 41 and 42: Diameter 1,050 Diameter 949 Diamete
Page 43 and 44: Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its re
Page 45 and 46: Figure 5-3. Graphite shapes in cast
Page 47 and 48: Figure 5-5. Positions for test bars
Page 49 and 50: Programme The development project c
Page 51 and 52: Programme Trial fabrication of all
Page 53 and 54: The technology and procedures for c
Page 55 and 56: A method and equipment based on las
Page 57 and 58: Spacer plate Defect A Defect B Chan
Page 59 and 60: Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001
Page 61 and 62: 2004 2005 Process model welding met
Page 65 and 66: 6.2.2 The welding process In parall
Page 67 and 68: Figure 6-9. Lid weld L028. Section
Page 69 and 70: Tensile test bars have been taken o
Page 73 and 74: 6.3.3 The welding process The param
Page 75 and 76: A limitation in the evaluation of t
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a b Through-transmission Reflection
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simulation program, and the body of
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SKB has devised a quality system fo
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Newfound knowledge since RD&D 2001
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8 Canister - encapsulation The desi
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Figure 8-2. Work stations in the en
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The filled canister transport casks
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Stages encapsulation plant 2003 200
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Figure 8-4. Possible location of a
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9 Transportation of encapsulated fu
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9.3 SKB’s transportation system -
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absorbs neutron radiation. The lid
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Applicable international and Swedis
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een specified yet. Since the size o
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• Methods exist for full-face dri
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Programme SKB keeps track of curren
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Judgement with regard to long-term
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Furthermore, it must not have an ad
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Studies of equipment will be conduc
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A third type of seal is intended to
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10.6.1 Requirements and premises In
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the long-term safety of the concept
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Conclusions in RD&D 2001 and its re
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11.3 Execution - stepwise design Si
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Programme Design step D, which incl
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12 Deep repository - monitoring SKB
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• Trigger levels for action. •
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Part III Safety assessment and rese
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As a complement to the numerical mo
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Table 13-2. Research on the initial
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13.2.4 Backfill Together with Posiv
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Table 13-3. Projects and experiment
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spent nuclear fuel. It was neverthe
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concepts or whose descriptions requ
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14.2.2 Radionuclide transport and d
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At present, the computational time
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Inflow Nuclides in a soluble phase
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15.1.2 Geometry The deep repository
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7 6 BWR 55 MWd/tU PWR 42 MWd/tU PWR
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15.1.11 Gas composition Conclusions
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15.2.5 Heat transport Dealt with in
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simulating the repository environme
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238 U 237 Np 239 Pu Concentration,
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The catalytic effect of uranium dio
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oxidant consumption in the bulk sol
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The influence of hydrogen peroxide
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A research programme to study cast
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16.2.3 Heat transport No new knowle
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Programme The ongoing experiments w
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Programme Short-term tests aimed at
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Swelling properties The buffer must
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have been performed for some ten co
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17.1.13 Impurity levels Bentonite i
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out when the buffer swells, but our
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These processes have been studied i
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• The gas injection phase will be
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19 9 D=205 d=175 D=172 d=170 D=168
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• Tests of the wetting process cl
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Figure 17-4. Natural redox front in
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These phenomena have been studied b
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17.2.24 Radionuclide transport - ad
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Programme SKB does not consider sor
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18.1.6 Smectite content SKB, togeth
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Programme See section 18.2.2. 18.1.
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The wetting of the backfill from th
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ackfill must have a compression mod
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Programme See section 17.2.17. 18.2
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18.2.23 Radionuclide transport - so
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10 -5 I-129 Release rate (moles/yea
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and the rock matrix, is also crucia
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A thermal model will be constructed
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In a continuation of the super-regi
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A thorough overview has been done o
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The authorities are of the opinion
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19.2.11 Advection/mixing - groundwa
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a so-called Markov-directed Random
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Diffusion measurements in the labor
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Uranium series analyses from clay-
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19.2.18 Microbial processes Conclus
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19.2.20 Colloid formation - colloid
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19.2.23 Methane ice formation Concl
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19.2.26 Integrated modelling - radi
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development that has taken place ha
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20.2 Review of RD&D 2001 Following
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work will continue, particularly in
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2 In Sea (mol) 3 Water Sea (mol/m 3
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The above work will be pursued in c
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certain substances, such as uranium
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In connection with the Safe project
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20.9 International work and dissemi
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the underlying material are current
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These reports describe dominant fun
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Glacial Permafrost Permafrost Borea
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Shoreline displacement has an isost
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The hydromechanical modellings that
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model that includes these factors a
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The salinity of the sea, inland sea
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• Public opinion and attitudes -
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Socioeconomic impact • Local deve
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Previously existing material is bei
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• The driving forces behind the d
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• Very effective methods for tran
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• A subcritical nuclear reactor w
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out in Cadarache, France. Hindas an
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Important results since 2001 includ
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Programme The goal of SKB’s resea
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Kasam says that disposal in Very De
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24 Decommissioning The facilities c
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SKB is responsible for management a
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25 Low- and intermediate-level wast
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25.2.1 Repository for short-lived L
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Programme Work on the design of the
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observation is that isosaccharinic
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stored so that the material can be
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6-4 Claesson S, 2004. Elektronstrå
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Chapter 14 14-1 SKB, 2004. Interim
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15-42 Ekeroth E, Jonsson M, 2003. O
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17-19 Le Bell J C, 1978. Colloid ch
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19-29 Hudson J (ed), 2002. Strategy
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19-77 Bath A, Milodowski A, Ruotsal
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20-19 Kautsky U (ed), 2001. The bio
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20-73 Blomqvist P, Jansson P-E, Esp
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20-119 Berggren J, Kyläkorpi L, 20
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23-10 NEA, 2002. Accelerator-driven
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SKB’s master plan Appendix A
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A1 Introduction A1.1 Background The
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generations unnecessarily. Another
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Encapsulation plant 2003 2004 2005
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facilitated by the fact that the re
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A2.3 System design A2.3.1 Fundament
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The system analyses will be largely
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Two safety reports will therefore b
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KBS-3H Basic Design Detailed engine
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Time horizon 2017 The current phase
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2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Phase
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In the subsequent phase, verificati
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The canister development work will
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Deep repository Year 2003 2004 2005
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A4.2 Site investigations Site inves
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Already in the feasibility study, l
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In step D2, the facility descriptio
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Table 4. Current situation and prel
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2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Desig
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Table 5. Continued. Technology issu
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A4.6.1 Siting factors Before priori
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A possible alternative scenario is
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of the NPPs starts, however, long-l
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Between now and 2008, an organizati
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Appendix B Abbreviations Abaqus ACL
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GIA Gis Goldsim Hindas HMC HPF HRL
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PMMA POD Posiva Prism Proper Protot
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ISSN 1404-0344 CM Digitaltryck AB,
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