Syngress - Eleventh Hour Network+ Exam N10-004 Study Guide (11 ...

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98 CHAPTER 6 TCP/IP and Routing Subscriber 2 Subscriber 1 1.5 3 3 clients 5 4.5 Mbps Server 1.5 Mbps 1.5 Mbps 1.5 Mbps 1.5 Mbps 1.5 Mbps 1.5 Mbps FIGURE 6.2 Unicast network video feed example Subscriber 3 Non-Subscriber ■ ■ Unicast traffic is the transmission of data from one host to another, one host at a time. Characteristics of unicast traffic are as follows: ■ A one-to-one session between one host and another, such as a client and server arrangement. ■ It will not transmit to every computer on a network. ■ Multiple requests for the same conference or data would cause that data to be pushed across the network media at the same time to multiple targets. An example of this is shown in Figure 6.2. Broadcast traffic is the broadcast traffic sent to all computer systems that can be reached on the network. Characteristics of broadcast traffic are as follows: ■ Each host receiving the broadcast has to process the broadcast traffic. ■ If a host does not require the broadcast traffic data, the host will still accept the datagram and then determine what to do with it – accept it or reject it. ■ Routers filter (block) broadcast traffic by default. Broadcasts must be explicitly allowed to traverse routers. UNDERSTANDING BASIC IP ROUTING As you prepare for the exam, be sure that you know the following key terms related to IP routing: ■ ■ ■ Routing The process of sending a packet to its destination. Router A device that forwards packets from one network to another. Gateway A gateway connects one thing with another.
Understanding Basic IP Routing 99 ■ ■ Direct delivery The router is not used to forward the packet because the destination is on the same network (subnet or network segment) as the sending host. Indirect delivery Packets are sent to an intermediate point for forwarding, usually a router. Crunch Time How does a data packet travel from one host to another across the span of networks 1. The sending host determines the destination IP address by using one of the name-to-IP resolution methods (WINS, DNS, and so forth). 2. The IP layer of a sending host consults with the routing table that is stored in memory. 3. Since the destination is on a different network, the packet will be sent by indirect delivery. 4. The address resolution protocol (ARP) table that is stored in memory is consulted to check for the existence of the required next hop media access control (MAC) address (MAC address of the local router in this case). 5. If the MAC is not in the ARP table, an ARP broadcast is sent to obtain the MAC address of the destination. 6. Then the packet is sent from the sending host with the data encapsulated in a frame format for the Network Interface Layer with the destination’s physical address (MAC address of the router) included directly to the router. 7. The router takes a look at the packet and determines where it should be sent to reach its final destination. 8. The router passes the packet from its internal interface (the one with an address on the same subnet as the sender) to its external interface (the interface that’s on a different subnet). 9. From there, the packet may make its way across many routers before reaching the subnet or network on which the destination computer resides. IP Routing Tables ■ Any IP node that initializes the TCP/IP stack will generate a default routing table based on the configuration of that node. IP ROUTING TABLE ENTRIES Routing table entries can be default, manual, or dynamic. ■ ■ ■ The default values are created when the TCP/IP stack is initialized. Manual entries can be placed in the table for specific routes that may be desired. Some organizations, for instance, want specific traffic to go through specific routers. In that case, those routes can be entered into the routing table manually. Routes can be added dynamically if the router supports dynamic routing tables. We’ll discuss the differences between manual and dynamic routing in a moment. For now, let’s look at the specific entries in a routing table. Routing table entries
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156 CHAPTER 10 Network Troubleshoot
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188 Index Network troubleshooting,
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