Syngress - Eleventh Hour Network+ Exam N10-004 Study Guide (11 ...

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162 CHAPTER 10 Network Troubleshooting ■ You can verify that the frame type is set correctly by following these steps: 1. Access the Local Area Connection dialog box on the Windows PC. Right-click the desired local area network (LAN) connection and select Properties. 2. Double-click NWLink IPX/SPX/NetBIOS Compatible Transport Protocol. 3. On the General tab, you can either verify that Auto Detect has been selected in the Frame type field, or else manually specify the frame type that should be used. OTHER NETWORK TROUBLESHOOTING TOOLS The most common hardware testers and tools that you should be aware of include the following: ■ ■ ■ ■ Crossover cables These are used to connect two computers or similar devices directly together, such as computers or hubs. To create a crossover cable is to rearrange the wires on one end of a standard Ethernet cable, so that they are in the following order (starting at pin 1): 1. White/green 2. Green 3. White/orange 4. White/brown 5. Brown 6. Orange 7. Blue 8. White/blue Oscilloscope An oscilloscope is used to monitor the electrical signal levels as they pass through the Ethernet cable and then display a small graph that shows how electrical signals change over time. This helps you determine the voltage and frequency of an electrical signal, and if any malfunctioning hardware components are distorting the signal. Tone generator A piece of software or a hardware device that generates the tones that are used in a telephone system, including a dial tone, busy signal, and ring tone. You can plug a tone generator into a telephone jack to determine if the jack is functioning and able to make and receive calls. Cable testers A cable tester is used to test for any faults or breaks in an Ethernet cable. Cable testers are designed to allow you to plug both ends of a cable into the tester. If the cable is in good condition, light emitting diode (LED) lights on the tester will light up. If there is a break in the cable (or if the wires are in the wrong order) the LED lights on the tester will not light.
How to Use the OSI Model in Troubleshooting 163 IMPORTANCE OF NETWORK DOCUMENTATION After you’ve done all of the necessary troubleshooting to solve a problem, documenting your troubleshooting activities is vitally important. It helps you to stay organized and perform those steps methodically. Also, when the same thing occurs again, you will be well prepared. HOW TO USE THE OSI MODEL IN TROUBLESHOOTING The OSI model fits into an overall troubleshooting strategy. Depending on the layer that you begin your troubleshooting, different techniques may be required to determine the root cause of the issue. The following are some of the purposes behind having a networking model: ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ It provides a standard to utilize and reference, thereby helping to isolate network issues to specific layers of a protocol stack. It allows to identify the types of components that may be involved in an issue, thus helping in troubleshooting the problem. Open standards enable the consumer to patronize multiple vendors. Vendors produce products that can be used in various networks, including those that started out using a different vendor’s products. The layered approach provides a logical division of responsibility, where each layer handles only the functions that are specific to that layer. Since the networking protocols are typically divided into layers, troubleshooting is easier because you are better able to narrow down the source of the problem to a specific layer. Reviewing the OSI Model The OSI model consists of seven layers, and when one computer communicates with another one, data at the sending computer is passed from one layer to the next until the final layer puts it out onto the network cable. At the receiving end, it travels back up in reverse order. Although the data travels down the layers on one side and up the layers on the other, the logical communication link is between each layer and its matching counterpart, as shown in Figure 10.1. As the data goes down through the layers, it is encapsulated or enclosed within a larger unit as each layer adds its own header information. When it reaches the receiving computer, the process occurs in reverse; the information is passed upward through each layer, and as it does so, the encapsulation information is evaluated and then stripped off one layer at a time. Establishing a Troubleshooting Strategy The most important thing that you can do when troubleshooting is to be organized and methodical in your approach to solving problems.
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