Syngress - Eleventh Hour Network+ Exam N10-004 Study Guide (11 ...

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160 CHAPTER 10 Network Troubleshooting ■ remote host using the route command, you need to configure the following information: ■ Destination The destination that this route statement is designed to reach. ■ Mask This indicates the subnet mask for the route’s destination. ■ Gateway The IP address that packets will be forwarded to for this route. ■ Metric This specifies the metric or cost of a particular route, from 1 to 9999. The higher the metric, the less likely the computer is to use a particular route. ■ Interface This indicates the IP address of the NIC that should be used to reach the destination specified in this route. Some of the available command-line switches: ■ route print This switch displays a copy of the local computer’s routing table. ■ route add This switch adds a route to a remote network. ■ route change This switch changes the metric of the route you just created. ■ route delete This switch deletes a route that you’ve created. ■ route–f This switch will clear any routes to destination networks that are currently in the routing table. ■ route–p This switch will make the entry you’re adding to the routing table persistent, which ensures that the route will remain in memory until you manually delete it. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) SNMP is a protocol used to communicate status messages from computers and devices on your network. ■ Machines that send these messages run SNMP agent software. ■ Machines that receive the status messages run SNMP management software. ■ Allows you to audit the activities of servers, workstations, routers, bridges, intelligent hubs, and just about any network-connected device that supports SNMP agent software. ■ Uses a Management Information Base (MIB) database to describe which kinds of information should be gathered from a particular device. ■ The SNMP agent must be queried by an SNMP management system for most information. ■ A trap message is sent spontaneously by an SNMP agent to the SNMP management system when an important event occurs. SNMP trap messages are sent to UDP port 162. ■ A GET message is a request that is sent from an SNMP management system that requests information from an agent. ■ A SET message will allow the SNMP management system to write changes to an MIB, and therefore extend its information-gathering abilities. ■ SNMP GET and SET messages communicate on UDP port 161. ■ To control which machines receive SNMP trap messages, you will configure an SNMP community name and a trap destination, which is the
Netware Troubleshooting 161 hostname or IP address of the computer running the SNMP management software. LINUX TOOLS The most common Linux tools that you should be aware of include the following: ■ ■ Ifconfig Used to configure the NICs installed in a Linux computer, as well as to view information about any configured interfaces. Dig Used to send name resolution queries to DNS servers to troubleshoot name resolution on a Linux-based client computer. Some of the available parameters are as follows: ■ @server This parameter is the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of the computer you’re querying for. ■ -t type This parameter specifies the type of record you’re looking for, like a Mail Exchanger record (MX) or Service record (SRV) record. ■ -f filemane This parameter will allow dig to operate in batch mode, where it will perform multiple queries that it reads in from a text file. ■ -p port This parameter will issue a DNS query on a nonstandard port. ■ + domain = domainname This parameter searches for a host using only the domain name that you specify, rather than using the search list that the Linux computer is configured with. ■ + [no] recursive This parameter specifies whether to use an iterative or a recursive query. Dig queries are recursive by default. ■ + time = Time This parameter specifies the time (in seconds) that dig should wait before deciding that a query has timed out. The default value is5s. EXAM WARNING Remember that the default DNS port is 53. DNS queries use UDP port 53, and DNS zone transfers use TCP port 53. ■ Traceroute Allows you to trace the path that a network packet will take from one host to another. You can use traceroute to determine whether one of the routers along a path, or a link between two routers, is overloaded or has failed. NETWARE TROUBLESHOOTING Troubleshooting NetWare frame types: ■ If NWLink is configured to use Auto Detect and multiple frame types are in use, then NWLink will set the Ethernet frame type to 802.2. If this is not the correct frame type, you must change it.
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