Syngress - Eleventh Hour Network+ Exam N10-004 Study Guide (11 ...

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10 CHAPTER 1 Network Fundamentals determines which port it needs to send the data through for it to reach the proper destination. Characteristics of a star topology are as follows: ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ All cables run to a central connection point. If one cable breaks or fails, only the computer that is connected to that cable is unable to use the network. A star topology is scalable. As the network grows or changes, computers are simply added or removed from the central connection point, which is usually a hub or a switch. Because there is so much cabling used to connect individual computers to a central point, this may increase the cost of expanding and maintaining the network. The Mesh Topology A mesh topology has multiple connections, making it the most fault tolerant topology available. Every component of the network is connected directly to every other component. Characteristics of a mesh topology are as follows: ■ ■ ■ ■ A mesh topology provides redundant links across the network. If a break occurs in a segment of cable, traffic can still be rerouted using the other cables. This topology is rarely used because of the significant cost and work involved in having network components directly connected to every other component. It is common for partial mesh topologies to be deployed. This balances cost and the need for redundancy. The Ring Topology A ring topology consists of computers connected to a cable that loops around forming a ring. Characteristics of a ring topology are as follows: ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ The topology forms a closed loop, so there are no unconnected ends to the ring, so terminators aren’t required. Data passes around the loop in one direction. A signal called a token is passed from one computer to the next in the ring. When a computer has the token, it has access to the ring and can send data. Each computer examines each packet and checks to see if there are any that are meant for it. If there aren’t, the computer sends the packet on to the next computer in the ring. Each computer acts as a repeater. When any packet reaches the originating computer, it removes the packet from the network. In a ring topology, if one computer fails, the entire network goes down.
Physical Networking Models <strong>11</strong> ■ ■ If a computer is down or a cable is broken, the ring can’t be completed, so the network can’t function properly. Some ring implementations have features that detect and disconnect failed computers from the ring or beacons that notify the network if a break is detected. POINT-TO-POINT A point-to-point topology is any network that connects two hosts in a dedicated fashion. For example, if you were to configure a router in Miami, Florida, to connect and use resources on a network in Atlanta, Georgia, you would want to make sure you had a link between them that can support your needs. If you need a permanent connection that is constantly available and dependable, you may need a T1 circuit. Although costly, you will be able to connect your two sites together resulting in a point-to-point connection that is dependable and reliable. POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT A point-to-multipoint topology is any network that connects three or more hosts and can grow exponentially based on the hardware and software you choose to manage it. For example, if you wanted to create a large network of many sites (that is, New York, Georgia, Florida and Michigan), you may need to create a point-to-multipoint network. The main connection could be your headquarters location, and the other three sites could be smaller sites accessing resources in the main “hub” site. This type of network is also called a “hub-and-spoke” topology. HYBRID A hybrid topology is any mixture of at least two or more of any network topologies. Most networks aren’t purely configured as one type of topology but are deployed in some form of hybrid network. Wireless A wireless topology broadcasts data over the air, so very few cables are used to connect systems together. Characteristics of radio frequency-based wireless environments are as follows: ■ This topology uses transmitters called cells, which broadcast the packets using radio frequencies. ■ The cells extend a radio sphere around the transmitter in the shape of a bubble that can extend to multiple rooms and possibly different floors in a building. ■ Each cell is connected to the network using cabling so that it can receive and send data to the servers, other cells, and networked peripherals.
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CHAPTER 7 Wide Area Networking 107
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WAN Protocols and Properties 109 In
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Internet Access Methods 113 EXAM WA
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Internet Access Methods 115 Wireles
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156 CHAPTER 10 Network Troubleshoot
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Glossary 177 Access Determines who
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Glossary 179 Extensible Authenticat
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Glossary 183 Wireless Network A net
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186 Index Data link layer, 74-75 fu
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188 Index Network troubleshooting,
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