Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

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x Preface Advanced Placement ® Guide for Environmental Science Prepared by Brian Kaestner of Saint Mary’s Hall these are available on the Instructor’s Resource Web site (www.wiley.com/college/botkin). The Advanced Placement Guide provides a useful tool for high school instructors who are teaching the AP ® Environmental Science course. This guide will help teachers to focus on the key concepts of every chapter to prepare students for the Advanced Placement ® Exam. Each chapter includes a Chapter Overview that incorporates critical thinking questions, Key Topics important to the exam, and Web links to Laboratories and Activities that reinforce key topics. Instructor’s Web Site All instructor resources are available on the instructor section of the Wiley Botkin/Keller Web site (www.wiley.com/ college/botkin) and within the Wiley Resource Kit. Completion of this book was only possible due to the cooperation and work of many people. To all those who so freely offered their advice and encouragement in this endeavor, we offer our most sincere appreciation. We are indebted to our colleagues who made contributions. We greatly appreciate the work of our editor Rachel Falk at John Wiley & Sons, for support, encouragement, assistance, and professional work. We extend thanks to our production editor Janet Foxman, who did a great job and made important contributions in many areas; to Wendy Lai for a beautiful interior design; Ellinor Wagner for photo research; Anna Melhorn for the illustration program. Thanks go out also for editorial assistance from Alissa Etrheim. The extensive media package was enhanced through the efforts of Linda Muriello and Daniela DiMaggio.
Acknowledgments Reviewers of This Edition Kevin Baldwin, Monmouth College James Bartolome, University of California Berkeley Leonard K. Bernstein, Temple University Renée E. Bishop, Penn State Worthington Scranton Edward Chow, University of Michigan- Flint Katherine Cushing, San Jose State University Syma Ebbin, Eastern Connecticut State University Jodee Hunt, Grand Valley State University John Kraemer, Southeast Missouri State University John M. Lendvay, University of San Francisco Bryan Mark, Ohio State University Mary O’Sullivan, Elgin Community College Stephen Overmann, Southeast Missouri State University Gad Perry, Texas Tech University Randall Repic, University of Michigan Flint Jennifer Rubin, Rochester Community and Technical College Ashley Rust, Metropolitan State College Anthony J. Sadar, Geneva College Dork Sahagian, Lehigh University Santhosh Seelan, University of North Dakota Rich Stevens, Monroe Community College Kevin Stychar, Texas A & M University-Corpus Christi Marleen A. Troy, Wilkes University Timothy Welling, SUNY Dutchess Community College Don Williams, Park University Kim Wither, Texas A & M University-Corpus Christi Caralyn B. Zehnder, Georgia College & State University Reviewers of Previous Editions Marc Abrams, Pennsylvania State University David Aborn, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga John All, Western Kentucky University Diana Anderson, Northern Arizona University Mark Anderson, University of Maine Robert J. Andres, University of North Dakota Walter Arenstein, Ohlone College Daphne Babcock, Collin County Community College Marvin Baker, University of Oklahoma Michele Barker-Bridges, Pembroke State University (NC) James W. Bartolome, University of California, Berkeley Colleen Baxter, Georgia Military College Laura Beaton, York College Susan Beatty, University of Colorado, Boulder David Beckett, University of Southern Mississippi Brian Beeder, Morehead State University Mark Belk, Brigham Young University Elizabeth Bell, Mission College Mary Benbow, University of Manitoba Kristen Bender, California State University, Long Beach Anthony Benoit, Three Rivers Technical Community College Leonard K. Bernstein, Temple University William B.N. Berry, University of California, Berkeley Joe Beuchel, Triton College Renée E. Bishop, Penn State Worthington Scranton Alan Bjorkman, North Park University Charles Blalack, Kilgore College Christopher P. Bloch, Texas Tech University Grady Blount, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi Charles Bomar, University of Wisconsin—Stout Gary Booth, Brigham Young University Rene Borgella, Ithaca College John Bounds, Sam Houston State University Jason E. Box, Ohio State University Judy Bramble, DePaul University Scott Brame, Clemson University Vincent Breslin, SUNY, Stony Brook Joanne Brock, Kennesaw State University Robert Brooks, Pennsylvania State University Bonnie Brown, Virginia Commonwealth University Robert I. Bruck, North Carolina State University Grace Brush, Johns Hopkins University Kelly D. Cain, University of Wisconsin John Campbell, Northwest Community College (WY) Rosanna Cappellato, Emory University Annina Carter, Adirondack Community College Elaine Carter, Los Angeles City College Ann Causey, Prescott College (AZ) Simon Chung, Northeastern Illinois State W.B. Clapham, Jr., Cleveland State University Richard Clements, Chattanooga State Technical Community College Thomas B. Cobb, Bowling Green State University Jennifer Cole, Northeastern University Peter Colverson, Mohawk Valley Community College Terence H. Cooper, University of Minnesota Jeff Corkill, Eastern Washington University Harry Corwin, University of Pittsburgh Kelley Crews, University of Texas Ellen Crivella, University of Phoenix Nate Currit, Pennsylvania State University Rupali Datta, University of Texas at San Antonio William Davin, Berry College Craig Davis, Ohio State University Craig Davis, University of Colorado Jerry Delsol, Modesto Junior College Michael L. Denniston, Georgia Perimeter College David S. Duncan, University of South Florida Jim Dunn, University of Northern Iowa Jean Dupon, Menlo College David J. Eisenhour, Morehead State University Brian D. Fath, Towson University Richard S. Feldman, Marist College Robert Feller, University of South Carolina James L. Floyd, Community College of Baltimore County Deborah Freile, Berry College Andrew Friedland, Dartmouth College Carey Gazis, Central Washington University Nancy Goodyear, Bainbridge College Douglas Green, Arizona State University Paul Grogger, University of Colorado
Page 1: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Earth as a Li
Page 4 and 5: VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLIS
Page 7 and 8: About the Authors Daniel B. Botkin
Page 9 and 10: Preface vii Themes Our book is base
Page 11: Preface ix Updated Critical Thinkin
Page 15: Acknowledgments xiii Karen Swanson,
Page 18 and 19: Contents Chapter 1 Key Themes in En
Page 20 and 21: xviii Contents Summary 125 Reexamin
Page 22 and 23: xx Contents Chapter 13 Wildlife, Fi
Page 24 and 25: xxii Contents CRITICAL THINKING ISS
Page 26 and 27: xxiv Contents Availability and Use
Page 28 and 29: 2 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environme
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Page 38 and 39: over 4 million in 1950. In 1999 Tok
Page 48 and 49: CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Knowi
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36 CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Kn
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42 CHAPTER 3 The Big Picture: Syste
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CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts and
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82 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts a
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100 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
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102 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
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CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cycles
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106 CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cy
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144 CHAPTER 8 Biological Diversity
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170 CHAPTER 9 Ecological Restoratio
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186 CHAPTER 10 Environmental Health
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236 CHAPTER 12 Landscapes: Forests,
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258 CHAPTER 13 Wildlife, Fisheries,
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CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics LEAR
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288 CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics
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304 CHAPTER 15 Fossil Fuels and the
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CHAPTER 16 Alternative Energy and t
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328 CHAPTER 16 Alternative Energy a
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346 CHAPTER 17 Nuclear Energy and t
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CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, and M
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370 CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, a
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CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and Trea
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400 CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and
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CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Climate,
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430 CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Clim
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462 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution CASE S
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464 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution
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466 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Table
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470 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Air po
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472 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Mercur
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474 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution (a) FI
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478 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution The ga
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490 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution chimn
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494 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution SUMMAR
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496 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution STUDY
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498 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments C
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500 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments I
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502 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments o
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504 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments K
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506 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments 2
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508 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments A
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510 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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512 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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518 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments S
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520 CHAPTER 23 Materials Management
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552 CHAPTER 24 Our Environmental Fu
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Appendix A Special Feature: Electro
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Appendix A-3 VOLUME in 3 ft 3 yd 3
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Appendix A-5 Basic Chemistry
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Photo Credits CHAPTER 1 Ch Op 1: Im
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Glossary Abortion rate The estimate
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Glossary G-3 deposition of crustal
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Glossary G-5 high and the growth ra
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Glossary G-7 environmental impacts
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Glossary G-9 per unit time and some
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Glossary G-11 cooler than it is tod
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Glossary G-13 Nonpoint sources Poll
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Glossary G-15 Positive feedback A t
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Glossary G-17 Shelterwood cutting A
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Glossary G-19 Time series The set o
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Index Entries followed by an f may
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INDEX I-3 Sweetwater Marsh National
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INDEX I-5 dune succession, 96, 96f
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INDEX I-7 Colorado River, 114, 115f
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INDEX I-9 Lovelock, James, 10, 108
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INDEX I-11 Pelagic ecosystem, 85, 8
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INDEX I-13 Static systems, 44, 44f
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INDEX I-15 Watts, 291, 292t Weather
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N-2 NOTES 7. Schmidt, W.E. 1991 (Se
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N-4 NOTES 4. Christian, D. 2004. Ma
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N-6 NOTES 9. Collins, S.L., A.K. Kn
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N-8 NOTES 8. U.S. Department of Agr
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N-10 NOTES 19. O’Donnell, James J
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N-12 NOTES 19. Piore, 2002 (April 1
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N-14 NOTES application of secondary
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N-16 NOTES 22. Foukal, P., C. Frohl
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N-18 NOTES 54. Zummo, S.M., and M.H
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N-20 NOTES 38. Bullard, R.D. 1990.
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