Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

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A-4 Appendix D Geologic Time Scale and Biologic Evolution Approximate Age in Millions of Years Era Before Present Period Epoch Life Form Less than 0.01 Recent (Holocene) 0.01–2 Quaternary Pleistocene Humans 2 2–5 Pliocene 5–23 Miocene Cenozoic 23–35 Tertiary Oligocene 35–56 Eocene Mammals 56–65 Paleocene 65 65–146 Cretaceous Mesozoic 146–208 Jurassic Flying reptiles, birds 208–245 Triassic Dinosaurs 245 245–290 Permian Reptiles 290–363 Carboniferous Insects Paleozoic 363–417 Devonian Amphibians 417–443 Silurian Land plants 443–495 Ordovician Fish 495–545 Cambrian 545 700 Multicelled organisms 3,400 One-celled organisms 4,000 Approximate age of oldest rocks discovered on Earth Precambrian 4,600 Approximate age of Earth and meteorites E Matter, Energy and Chemistry Matter and Energy - - - E mc E m c - - -
Appendix A-5 Basic Chemistry - - - - - - - chemical bonding - - Covalent bonds - ionic bonds - c
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Earth as a Li
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VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLIS
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About the Authors Daniel B. Botkin
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Preface vii Themes Our book is base
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Preface ix Updated Critical Thinkin
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Acknowledgments Reviewers of This E
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Acknowledgments xiii Karen Swanson,
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Contents Chapter 1 Key Themes in En
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xviii Contents Summary 125 Reexamin
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xx Contents Chapter 13 Wildlife, Fi
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xxii Contents CRITICAL THINKING ISS
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xxiv Contents Availability and Use
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2 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environme
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10 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environm
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over 4 million in 1950. In 1999 Tok
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CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Knowi
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24 CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Kn
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42 CHAPTER 3 The Big Picture: Syste
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60 CHAPTER 4 The Human Population a
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CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts and
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82 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts a
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100 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
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102 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
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CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cycles
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106 CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cy
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128 CHAPTER 7 Dollars and Environme
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144 CHAPTER 8 Biological Diversity
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170 CHAPTER 9 Ecological Restoratio
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186 CHAPTER 10 Environmental Health
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212 CHAPTER 11 Agriculture, Aquacul
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236 CHAPTER 12 Landscapes: Forests,
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258 CHAPTER 13 Wildlife, Fisheries,
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CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics LEAR
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288 CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics
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304 CHAPTER 15 Fossil Fuels and the
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CHAPTER 16 Alternative Energy and t
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328 CHAPTER 16 Alternative Energy a
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346 CHAPTER 17 Nuclear Energy and t
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CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, and M
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370 CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, a
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CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and Trea
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400 CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and
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CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Climate,
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430 CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Clim
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462 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution CASE S
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464 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution
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466 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Table
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470 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Air po
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472 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Mercur
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474 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution (a) FI
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478 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution The ga
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490 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution chimn
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494 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution SUMMAR
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496 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution STUDY
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498 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments C
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500 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments I
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502 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments o
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504 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments K
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506 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments 2
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508 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments A
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510 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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512 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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518 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments S
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520 CHAPTER 23 Materials Management
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Page 578 and 579: 552 CHAPTER 24 Our Environmental Fu
Page 595 and 596: Appendix A Special Feature: Electro
Page 597: Appendix A-3 VOLUME in 3 ft 3 yd 3
Page 601 and 602: Photo Credits CHAPTER 1 Ch Op 1: Im
Page 603 and 604: Glossary Abortion rate The estimate
Page 605 and 606: Glossary G-3 deposition of crustal
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Page 609 and 610: Glossary G-7 environmental impacts
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Page 623 and 624: Index Entries followed by an f may
Page 625 and 626: INDEX I-3 Sweetwater Marsh National
Page 627 and 628: INDEX I-5 dune succession, 96, 96f
Page 629 and 630: INDEX I-7 Colorado River, 114, 115f
Page 631 and 632: INDEX I-9 Lovelock, James, 10, 108
Page 633 and 634: INDEX I-11 Pelagic ecosystem, 85, 8
Page 635 and 636: INDEX I-13 Static systems, 44, 44f
Page 637: INDEX I-15 Watts, 291, 292t Weather
Page 640 and 641: N-2 NOTES 7. Schmidt, W.E. 1991 (Se
Page 642 and 643: N-4 NOTES 4. Christian, D. 2004. Ma
Page 644 and 645: N-6 NOTES 9. Collins, S.L., A.K. Kn
Page 646 and 647: N-8 NOTES 8. U.S. Department of Agr
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N-10 NOTES 19. O’Donnell, James J
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N-12 NOTES 19. Piore, 2002 (April 1
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N-14 NOTES application of secondary
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N-16 NOTES 22. Foukal, P., C. Frohl
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N-18 NOTES 54. Zummo, S.M., and M.H
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N-20 NOTES 38. Bullard, R.D. 1990.
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