Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

I-14 INDEX
United States
coal reserves and, 314–315, 315f, 316t
death rates and, 72, 72f
demographic transition and, 76
desalination and, 376
droughts and, 375
energy consumption and, 294, 294f, 295f
estimated solar energy and, 328, 328f
future energy consumption needs and,
297
groundwater use and problems, 375–376
hydroelectric power and, 334
mineral resources and, 525
national parks in, 252
nuclear energy location and, 347, 348f
nuclear fuel cycle and, 353–354, 353f
phosphorous reserves and, 123
population (1790-2008), 62f
precipitation and runoff patterns, 375
radioactive-waste management and,
362–363
stream ecosystems in, 421, 421f
twenty-first century energy policy and,
298
water budget for, 374–375, 374f
water supply and, 373–376
water usage trends and, 379–380, 379f
wind energy and, 336, 336f
Unity, landscape aesthetics and, 135
Uranium-235, 348, 349f, 353
Uranium-238 decay chain, 352f
Uranium mines and mills, 353
Urban environments. See also Cities
bringing nature to, 511–515
city as a system, 499–500, 500f
city as an environment, 508–510
city life, 499
city planning and the environment,
506–507
environmental history of, 505
location of, 500–504, 502f
made lands, 511
megacities, 499
pollution and, 510
site modification and, 504
soils, lead toxicity and, 207, 207f
urban heat island profile, 509, 509f
urban sprawl, 516
urban-water naturalization, 411, 411f
urban world, 11–12, 11f
waste, energy uses of, 339t
U.S. Council on Environmental Quality, 263
U.S. Forest Service’s Roadless Area Review and
Evaluation, 252
U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act, 81
U.S. Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, 187
U.S. Water Resources Council, 371
U.S. Wilderness Act, 252
Utah
Bingham Canyon Copper Pit, 526f
Wasatch Plateau, 309
Utilitarian justification, 15
Utilitarian species, 145
V
Vadose zones, 372
Vale of Pewsey, England, 30, 30f
Variable-water-source approach, 384, 385f
Variables
controlling, 27
dependent, 26–27
independent, 26–27
manipulated, 26–27
responding, 27
Vegetation
affects of, 241–243, 242f
air pollution and, 463
carbon stored in, 33, 33t
cities and, 512–513
Venetz-Sitten, Ignaz, 445
Ventilation, indoor air pollution and, 490
Venus, 106–107, 107f
Verhulst, P.F., 65
Vermiculite, 199
Victoria Park, Great Britain, 250
Vikings, 429–430
Virginia, Alexandria, 509, 510f
Virtual water balances and transfers, 386,
387f
Vividness, landscape aesthetics and, 135
Volatile organics, 472, 488t
Volcanic eruptions, 199
Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota,
131–132, 132f, 251
W
Wallace, Alfred, 160, 275
Wallace’s realm, 159–160, 161f
Ward Valley, California, 360
Wasatch Plateau, Utah, 309
Washington
Columbia River, 264
Elwha River Dam, 392
Mt. Baker, 452
Rockport, 409f
Sandy River Dam, 392
Wasps, 226
Waste-disposal sites, groundwater pollution
and, 412
Waste isolation pilot plant, 361, 361f
Waste stream, 530
Wastewater
chlorine treatment and, 417
land application of, 418–419
primary treatment and, 416
resource-recovery treatment plants and,
418f
secondary treatment and, 416–417
septic-tank disposal systems and, 415,
415f
treatment of, 414–417
treatment plants and, 415
wetlands and, 418–419
Water
agricultural use and, 380, 382f
characteristics of, 370
conservation of, 380–384
consumptive use of, 376
dams and, 390–393
desalination and, 376
dissolved oxygen content and, 404
domestic use and, 383
droughts and, 375
environment and, 385
food production requirements and,
231–232, 231t
food supply and, 393–394
global perspective on, 370–371, 370t
groundwater and streams, 372–373, 372f,
373f
groundwater sustainability, 384
groundwater use and problems, 375–376
hydrologic cycle and, 370, 371f
in-stream use, 376–377, 376f
industry and manufacturing use and, 384
management of, 384
master plan for, 384–385
off-stream use, 376–377
precipitation and runoff patterns, 375
recycling of, 369
reuse of, 420, 420f
sustainable water use, 384
toxicity, air pollution and, 464
transport of, 378–379
urban environment and, 509–510
U.S. water supply, 373–376
usage trends and, 379–380, 379f
use of, 376–380
virtual water balances and transfers, 386,
387f
water budget, 373–375, 374f, 374t
water footprints, 387, 394–395
water table, 372
wetlands and, 387–390
Water pollution and treatment
acid mine drainage and, 409–410, 409f
biochemical oxygen demand and,
403–404, 404f
domestic use water safety, 414
environmental law and, 421–422, 422t
eutrophication and, 405–408, 406f
externalities and, 133–134
groundwater pollution, 412–414, 412f
land application of wastewater, 418–419
nutrients and, 405–408
oil and natural gas recovery and, 311
pig farms and, 423–424, 423f
primary problems and, 400
sediment and, 408
sources and processes and, 400, 401t
standards and, 401, 401t
stream ecosystems and, 421, 421f
surface-water pollution, 410–411, 410f,
411f
wastewater treatment, 414–417
water pollutant categories, 403t
water reuse, 420, 420f
waterborne disease and, 404
Water power
environment and, 335
hydroelectric power station components,
334f
pump storage systems, 334f
small-scale systems, 334–335
Water vapor, 435, 445
Waterborne disease, 404
Watersheds
development and, 220–221, 220f, 221f
ecosystems and, 88
forested, 242f
hydrologic cycle and, 116