Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

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190 CHAPTER 10 Environmental Health, Pollution, and Toxicology (a) (b) FIGURE 10.3 (a) Lake St. Charles, Sudbury, Ontario, prior to restoration. Note high stacks (smelters) in the background and lack of vegetation in the foreground, resulting from air pollution (acid and heavy-metal deposition). (b) Recent photo showing regrowth and restoration. 2 2 Environmentally Transmitted Infectious Disease
10.2 Categories of Pollutants 191 We sometimes hear about epidemics in developing nations. An example is the highly contagious Ebola virus in Africa, which causes external and internal bleeding and kills 80% of those infected. We may tend to think of such epidemics as problems only for developing nations, but this may give us a false sense of security. True, monkeys and bats spread Ebola, but the origin of the virus in the tropical forest remains unknown. Developed countries, where outbreaks may occur in the future, must learn from the developing countries’ experiences. To accomplish this and avoid potential global tragedies, more funds must be provided for the study of infectious diseases in developing countries. Toxic Heavy Metals The major heavy metals (metals with relatively high atomic weight; see Chapter 6) that pose health hazards to people and ecosystems include mercury, lead, cadmium, nickel, gold, platinum, silver, bismuth, arsenic, selenium, vanadium, chromium, and thallium. Each of these elements may be found in soil or water not contaminated by people, each has uses in our modern industrial society, and each is also a by-product of the mining, refining, and use of other elements. Heavy metals often have direct physiological toxic effects. Some are stored or incorporated in living tissue, sometimes permanently. Heavy metals tend to be stored (accumulating with time) in fatty body tissue. A little arsenic each day may eventually result in a fatal dose—the subject of more than one murder mystery. The quantity of heavy metals in our bodies is referred to as the body burden. The body burden of toxic heavy elements for an average human body (70 kg) is about 8 mg of antimony, 13 mg of mercury, 18 mg of arsenic, 30 mg of cadmium, and 150 mg of lead. The average body burden of lead (for which we apparently have no biological need) is about twice that of the others combined, reflecting our heavy use of this potentially toxic metal. Mercury, thallium, and lead are very toxic to people. They have long been mined and used, and their toxic properties are well known. Mercury, for example, is the “Mad Hatter” element. At one time, mercury was used to stiffen felt hats, and because mercury damages the brain, hatters in Victorian England were known to act peculiarly. Thus, the Mad Hatter in Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland had real antecedents in history. Toxic Pathways Chemical elements released from rocks or human processes can become concentrated in people (see Chapter 6) through many pathways (Figure 10.4). These pathways may involve what is known as biomagnification—the accumulation or increasing concentration of a substance in living tissue as it moves through a food web (also known as bioaccumulation). For example, cadmium, which increases the risk of heart disease, may enter the environment via ash from burning coal. The cadmium in coal is in very low concentrations (less than 0.05 ppm). However, after coal is burned in a power plant, the ash is collected in a solid form and disposed of in a landfill. The landfill is covered with soil and revegetated. The low concentration of cadmium in the ash and soil is taken into the plants as they grow, but the concentration of cadmium in the plants is three to five times greater than the concentration in the ash. As the cadmium moves through the food chain, it becomes more and more concentrated. By the Atmosphere (a) Crops Humans Surface water Fish Groundwater Rock Vegetation Surface water Humans Animals Surface water Vegetation Soil Groundwater Rock Water table Human-related toxin (examples: mercury, cadmium, lead, pesticides) Atmosphere Land Water Transfer of a toxin in physical system Increasing concentration of a toxin (biomagnification) in biologic system FIGURE 10.4 (a) Potential complex pathways for toxic materials through the living and nonliving environment. Note the many arrows into humans and other animals, sometimes in increasing concentrations as they move through the food chain (b). Sediment Plants (water and land) Herbivores (examples: insects, deer) Carnivores (examples: fish, eagles) Humans (top carnivore) (b)
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Earth as a Li
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VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLIS
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About the Authors Daniel B. Botkin
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Preface vii Themes Our book is base
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Preface ix Updated Critical Thinkin
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Acknowledgments Reviewers of This E
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Acknowledgments xiii Karen Swanson,
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Contents Chapter 1 Key Themes in En
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xviii Contents Summary 125 Reexamin
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xx Contents Chapter 13 Wildlife, Fi
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xxii Contents CRITICAL THINKING ISS
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xxiv Contents Availability and Use
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2 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environme
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10 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environm
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over 4 million in 1950. In 1999 Tok
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CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Knowi
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24 CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Kn
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42 CHAPTER 3 The Big Picture: Syste
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60 CHAPTER 4 The Human Population a
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CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts and
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82 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts a
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100 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
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102 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
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CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cycles
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106 CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cy
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128 CHAPTER 7 Dollars and Environme
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240 CHAPTER 12 Landscapes: Forests,
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258 CHAPTER 13 Wildlife, Fisheries,
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CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics LEAR
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288 CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics
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304 CHAPTER 15 Fossil Fuels and the
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CHAPTER 16 Alternative Energy and t
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328 CHAPTER 16 Alternative Energy a
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346 CHAPTER 17 Nuclear Energy and t
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CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, and M
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370 CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, a
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CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and Trea
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400 CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and
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CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Climate,
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430 CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Clim
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462 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution CASE S
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464 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution
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466 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Table
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470 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Air po
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472 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Mercur
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474 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution (a) FI
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478 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution The ga
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490 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution chimn
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494 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution SUMMAR
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496 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution STUDY
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498 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments C
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500 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments I
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502 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments o
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504 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments K
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506 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments 2
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508 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments A
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510 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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512 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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518 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments S
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520 CHAPTER 23 Materials Management
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552 CHAPTER 24 Our Environmental Fu
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Appendix A Special Feature: Electro
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Appendix A-3 VOLUME in 3 ft 3 yd 3
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Appendix A-5 Basic Chemistry
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Photo Credits CHAPTER 1 Ch Op 1: Im
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Glossary Abortion rate The estimate
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Glossary G-3 deposition of crustal
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Glossary G-5 high and the growth ra
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Glossary G-7 environmental impacts
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Glossary G-9 per unit time and some
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Glossary G-11 cooler than it is tod
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Glossary G-13 Nonpoint sources Poll
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Glossary G-15 Positive feedback A t
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Glossary G-17 Shelterwood cutting A
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Glossary G-19 Time series The set o
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Index Entries followed by an f may
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INDEX I-3 Sweetwater Marsh National
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INDEX I-5 dune succession, 96, 96f
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INDEX I-7 Colorado River, 114, 115f
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INDEX I-9 Lovelock, James, 10, 108
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INDEX I-11 Pelagic ecosystem, 85, 8
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INDEX I-13 Static systems, 44, 44f
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INDEX I-15 Watts, 291, 292t Weather
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N-2 NOTES 7. Schmidt, W.E. 1991 (Se
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N-4 NOTES 4. Christian, D. 2004. Ma
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N-6 NOTES 9. Collins, S.L., A.K. Kn
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N-8 NOTES 8. U.S. Department of Agr
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N-10 NOTES 19. O’Donnell, James J
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N-12 NOTES 19. Piore, 2002 (April 1
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N-14 NOTES application of secondary
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N-16 NOTES 22. Foukal, P., C. Frohl
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N-18 NOTES 54. Zummo, S.M., and M.H
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N-20 NOTES 38. Bullard, R.D. 1990.
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