Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

Recommendations

Info

464 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution - - - - - - - - Eyes Nasal cavity Oral cavity Trachea (windpipe) Larynx Bronchioles Alveoli (greatly enlarged) Pulmonary artery Air sac (alveolus) Pharynx Vocal cords Esophagus Trachea Bronchi Lung Mucus Bronchial cilia Cells FIGURE 21.3 Idealized diagram showing some of the parts of the human body (brain, cardiovascular system, and pulmonary system) that can be damaged by common air pollutants. The most severe health risks from normal exposures are related to particulates. Other substances of concern include carbon monoxide, photochemical oxidants, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. Toxic chemicals and tobacco smoke also can cause chronic or acute health problems. - 2 - The Major Air Pollutants Primary pollutants Secondary pollutants - - - 2 x 3 2 - - - -
21.1 Air Pollution in the Lower Atmosphere 465 - Criteria Pollutants criteria pollutants Sulfur Dioxide 2 2 - - - 2 - Nitrogen Oxides x 2 2 2 3 2− 2 2 2 Table 21.1 MAJOR NATURAL AND HUMAN-PRODUCED COMPONENTS OF SELECTED AIR POLLUTANTS EMISSIONS (% OF TOTAL) MAJOR SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTANTS NATURAL HUMAN-PRODUCED HUMAN-PRODUCED COMPONENTS PERCENT Particulates 85 15 Fugitive (mostly dust) 85 Industrial processes 7 Combustion of fuels (stationary sources) 8 Sulfur oxides (SO x ) 50 50 Combustion of fuels (stationary sources, mostly coal) 84 Industrial processes 9 Carbon monoxide (CO) 91 9 Transportation (automobiles) 54 Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) Nearly all Transportation (mostly automobiles) 37 Combustion of fuels (stationary sources, mostly natural gas and coal) 38 Ozone (O 3 ) A secondary pollutant derived Concentration present depends on reaction in lower from reaction with sunlight atmosphere involving hydrocarbons and thus NO 2 , and oxygen (O 2 ) automobile exhaust Hydrocarbons (HC) 84 16 Transportation (automobiles) 27 Industrial processes 7
Page 1:
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Earth as a Li
Page 4 and 5:
VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLIS
Page 7 and 8:
About the Authors Daniel B. Botkin
Page 9 and 10:
Preface vii Themes Our book is base
Page 11 and 12:
Preface ix Updated Critical Thinkin
Page 13 and 14:
Acknowledgments Reviewers of This E
Page 15:
Acknowledgments xiii Karen Swanson,
Page 18 and 19:
Contents Chapter 1 Key Themes in En
Page 20 and 21:
xviii Contents Summary 125 Reexamin
Page 22 and 23:
xx Contents Chapter 13 Wildlife, Fi
Page 24 and 25:
xxii Contents CRITICAL THINKING ISS
Page 26 and 27:
xxiv Contents Availability and Use
Page 28 and 29:
2 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environme
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
10 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environm
Page 38 and 39:
over 4 million in 1950. In 1999 Tok
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Knowi
Page 50 and 51:
24 CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Kn
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
42 CHAPTER 3 The Big Picture: Syste
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
60 CHAPTER 4 The Human Population a
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts and
Page 108 and 109:
82 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts a
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
100 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
Page 128 and 129:
102 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
Page 130 and 131:
CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cycles
Page 132 and 133:
106 CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cy
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
128 CHAPTER 7 Dollars and Environme
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
144 CHAPTER 8 Biological Diversity
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
170 CHAPTER 9 Ecological Restoratio
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
186 CHAPTER 10 Environmental Health
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
212 CHAPTER 11 Agriculture, Aquacul
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
236 CHAPTER 12 Landscapes: Forests,
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
258 CHAPTER 13 Wildlife, Fisheries,
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
Page 312 and 313:
CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics LEAR
Page 314 and 315:
288 CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics
Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
304 CHAPTER 15 Fossil Fuels and the
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
CHAPTER 16 Alternative Energy and t
Page 354 and 355:
328 CHAPTER 16 Alternative Energy a
Page 356 and 357:
Page 358 and 359:
Page 360 and 361:
Page 362 and 363:
Page 364 and 365:
Page 366 and 367:
Page 368 and 369:
Page 370 and 371:
Page 372 and 373:
346 CHAPTER 17 Nuclear Energy and t
Page 374 and 375:
Page 376 and 377:
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
Page 382 and 383:
Page 384 and 385:
Page 386 and 387:
Page 388 and 389:
Page 390 and 391:
Page 392 and 393:
Page 394 and 395:
CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, and M
Page 396 and 397:
370 CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, a
Page 398 and 399:
Page 400 and 401:
Page 402 and 403:
Page 404 and 405:
Page 406 and 407:
Page 408 and 409:
Page 410 and 411:
Page 412 and 413:
Page 414 and 415:
Page 416 and 417:
Page 418 and 419:
Page 420 and 421:
Page 422 and 423:
Page 424 and 425:
CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and Trea
Page 426 and 427:
400 CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and
Page 428 and 429:
Page 430 and 431:
Page 432 and 433:
Page 434 and 435:
Page 436 and 437:
Page 438 and 439:
Page 440 and 441: 414 CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and
Page 454 and 455: CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Climate,
Page 456 and 457: 430 CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Clim
Page 488 and 489: 462 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution CASE S
Page 492 and 493: 466 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Table
Page 494 and 495: 468 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution
Page 496 and 497: 470 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Air po
Page 498 and 499: 472 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Mercur
Page 500 and 501: 474 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution (a) FI
Page 504 and 505: 478 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution The ga
Page 516 and 517: 490 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution chimn
Page 520 and 521: 494 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution SUMMAR
Page 522 and 523: 496 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution STUDY
Page 524 and 525: 498 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments C
Page 526 and 527: 500 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments I
Page 528 and 529: 502 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments o
Page 530 and 531: 504 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments K
Page 532 and 533: 506 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments 2
Page 534 and 535: 508 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments A
Page 536 and 537: 510 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
Page 538 and 539: 512 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
Page 540 and 541:
514 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments C
Page 542 and 543:
516 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments C
Page 544 and 545:
518 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments S
Page 546 and 547:
520 CHAPTER 23 Materials Management
Page 548 and 549:
Page 550 and 551:
Page 552 and 553:
Page 554 and 555:
Page 556 and 557:
Page 558 and 559:
Page 560 and 561:
Page 562 and 563:
Page 564 and 565:
Page 566 and 567:
Page 568 and 569:
Page 570 and 571:
Page 572 and 573:
Page 574 and 575:
Page 576 and 577:
Page 578 and 579:
552 CHAPTER 24 Our Environmental Fu
Page 580 and 581:
Page 582 and 583:
Page 584 and 585:
Page 586 and 587:
Page 588 and 589:
Page 590 and 591:
Page 592 and 593:
Page 595 and 596:
Appendix A Special Feature: Electro
Page 597 and 598:
Appendix A-3 VOLUME in 3 ft 3 yd 3
Page 599 and 600:
Appendix A-5 Basic Chemistry
Page 601 and 602:
Photo Credits CHAPTER 1 Ch Op 1: Im
Page 603 and 604:
Glossary Abortion rate The estimate
Page 605 and 606:
Glossary G-3 deposition of crustal
Page 607 and 608:
Glossary G-5 high and the growth ra
Page 609 and 610:
Glossary G-7 environmental impacts
Page 611 and 612:
Glossary G-9 per unit time and some
Page 613 and 614:
Glossary G-11 cooler than it is tod
Page 615 and 616:
Glossary G-13 Nonpoint sources Poll
Page 617 and 618:
Glossary G-15 Positive feedback A t
Page 619 and 620:
Glossary G-17 Shelterwood cutting A
Page 621 and 622:
Glossary G-19 Time series The set o
Page 623 and 624:
Index Entries followed by an f may
Page 625 and 626:
INDEX I-3 Sweetwater Marsh National
Page 627 and 628:
INDEX I-5 dune succession, 96, 96f
Page 629 and 630:
INDEX I-7 Colorado River, 114, 115f
Page 631 and 632:
INDEX I-9 Lovelock, James, 10, 108
Page 633 and 634:
INDEX I-11 Pelagic ecosystem, 85, 8
Page 635 and 636:
INDEX I-13 Static systems, 44, 44f
Page 637:
INDEX I-15 Watts, 291, 292t Weather
Page 640 and 641:
N-2 NOTES 7. Schmidt, W.E. 1991 (Se
Page 642 and 643:
N-4 NOTES 4. Christian, D. 2004. Ma
Page 644 and 645:
N-6 NOTES 9. Collins, S.L., A.K. Kn
Page 646 and 647:
N-8 NOTES 8. U.S. Department of Agr
Page 648 and 649:
N-10 NOTES 19. O’Donnell, James J
Page 650 and 651:
N-12 NOTES 19. Piore, 2002 (April 1
Page 652 and 653:
N-14 NOTES application of secondary
Page 654 and 655:
N-16 NOTES 22. Foukal, P., C. Frohl
Page 656 and 657:
N-18 NOTES 54. Zummo, S.M., and M.H
Page 658:
N-20 NOTES 38. Bullard, R.D. 1990.
show all

Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?