Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

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A-6 Appendix - 4 O - Chemical Reactions chemical reaction - HOCO H CO 2 2 2 3 - - O - sunlight 6CO 6H O C H O 6O 2 2 6 12 6 2 - - Electron cloud Orbitals Electron shells Nucleus Nucleus contains 6 protons and 6 neutrons Proton (positive charge) Neutron (no charge) Electron (negative charge) (a) (b) (c) E.1 (a) Idealized diagram showing the basic structure of an atom as a nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons. (b) Conceptualized model of an atom of carbon with six protons and six neutrons in the nucleus and six orbiting electrons in two energy shells. (c) Three-dimensional view of (b). Size of nucleus relative to size of electron shells is greatly exaggerated. [Source: After F. Press, and R. Siever Understanding Earth (New York: Freeman, 1994).]
Photo Credits CHAPTER 1 Ch Op 1: Image Bank/Getty Images, Inc. Fig. 1.2: Corbis/SuperStock (top). Fig. 1.3: AfriPics.com/Alamy (bottom). Fig. 1.4: Images of Africa Photobank/Alamy. Fig. 1.6a: Peter Turnley/©Corbis (left). Fig. 1.6b: dbimages/Alamy (right). Fig. 1.8a: Thony Belizaire/AFP/Getty Images, Inc. (left). Fig. 1.8b: STRDEL/ AFP/Getty Images, Inc. (right). Fig. 1.9a: Mira/Alamy (left). Fig. 1.9b: Comstock/Jupiter Images (right). Fig. 1.10: NASA Earth Observatory (bottom). Fig. 1.11: NASA/©Corbis. Fig. 1.12: Bill Ross/Corbis Images (top left). Fig. 1.13a: Kenneth W. Fink/Photo Researchers, Inc. (bottom left). Fig. 1.13b: © J.P. Ferrero/Jacana/Photo Researchers, Inc. (bottom right). Fig. 1.14: Courtesy Dan Botkin (top left). Fig. 1.15: Exactostock/SuperStock (top right). Fig. 1.16: Natalie Fobes/©Corbis. Fig. 1.17: Phil Dyer/iStockphoto. Fig. 1.18c: Michael Wozniak/iStockphoto. CHAPTER 2 Ch Op 2: Dan Botkin. Fig. 2.1: Phil Schermeister/©Corbis. Fig. 2.5: Alan Root/Photo Researchers, Inc (left). Fig. 2.6: All Canada Photos/SuperStock (right). Fig. 2.8a: Gideon Mendel//Magnum Photos, Inc. (top). Fig. 2.8b: D. Hudson/©Corbis (bottom). Fig. 2.9: Visuals Unlimited. CHAPTER 3 Ch Op 3: Lyroky/Alamy. Fig. 3.1: ©AP/Wide World Photos. Fig. 3.2: Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio./Courtesy NASA (left). Fig. 3.3: Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio./Courtesy NASA (right). Fig. 3.8: Morning in the Tropics, c.1858 (oil on canvas), Church, Frederic Edwin (1826-1900) / © Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, USA / The Bridgeman Art Library. Fig. 3.10a: Tim Tadder/©AP/Wide World Photos (top). Fig. 3.10c: Ed Keller (bottom). Fig. 3.13: All Canada Photos/Alamy. Fig. 3.15b: AGStockUSA/Alamy (right). Fig. 3.15c: Colin Woodbridge/Alamy (left). Fig. 3.17: Bohemian Nomad Picturemakers/©Corbis Images. Fig. 3.18: Wolfgang Kaehler/Alamy. CHAPTER 4 Ch Op 4: AFP/Getty Images, Inc. Fig. 4.1a: ALFREDO ESTRELLA/AFP/Getty Images, Inc. (top). Fig. 4.1b: ©World Health Organization (bottom). Fig. 4.11: Jacobs Stock Photography/Photodisc/Getty Images, Inc. CHAPTER 5 Ch Op 5: Dan Botkin. Fig. 5.1a: Alaska Stock/ Alamy (top). Fig. 5.1b: David Nardini/Taxi/Getty Images, Inc. (bottom). Fig. 5.3: Farrell Grehan/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 5.8a: Photographers Choice/Getty Images, Inc. (top left). Fig. 5.8b: Dan Botkin (top right). Fig. 5.9: Hubbard Brook Archives (bottom). Fig. 5.10a: Daniel Botkin (top left). Fig. 5.10b: Daniel Botkin (top right). Fig. 5.10c: Daniel Botkin (bottom left). Fig. 5.10d: Daniel Botkin (bottom right). Fig. 5.11: Mona Lisa Production/Science Photo Library. Fig. 5.14a: Masha Nordbye/Bruce Coleman, Inc. (left). Fig. 5.14b: Robert Harding Picture Library Ltd/Alamy (right). Fig. 5.15: Curlyson Photography/Flickr/Getty Images, Inc. (bottom). Fig. 5.16: Courtesy Daniel Botkin. Fig. 5.18: Michael P. Gadomski/ (left). Fig. 5.19: David B Fleetham/Photolibrary/Getty Images, Inc. (right). Fig. 5.22b: Theo Allofs/Getty Images, Inc. (left). Fig. 5.22c: David Aubrey/©Corbis Images (right). CHAPTER 6 Ch Op 6: Mr. Eric Zimmerman. Fig. 6.1: Prof. Ed Keller. Fig. 6.2b: Prof. David Valentine (left). Fig. 6.2c: Prof. David Valentine (right). Fig. 6.4: NASA Images. Fig. 6.5: Flirt/SuperStock. Fig. 6.6a: MICHAEL AND PATRICIA FOGDEN/MINDEN PICTURES/NG Image Collection (bottom left). Fig. 6.6b: Georgette Douwma/Photo Researchers (bottom right). Fig. 6.7a: Dr. Patricia Schultz/Peter Arnold, Inc. (left). Fig. 6.7b: Kari Lounatmaa/Photo Researchers (right). Fig. 6.12a: Kim Heacox/Peter Arnold, Inc. (left). Fig. 6.12b: LUIS MARDEN/NG Image Collection (right). Fig. 6.20a: Peter Crighton/Alamy (left). Fig. 6.20b: Markus Renner/Getty Images, Inc. (right). Fig. 6.21: Melissa Farlow/NG Image Collection. CHAPTER 7 Ch Op 7: Tom Brakefield /SuperStock. Fig. 7.1: Eric Draper/Aurora Photos/. Fig. 7.2: SuperStock. Fig. 7.3: Steve Kazlowski/Danita Delimont. Fig. 7.4: DENNIS ANDERSON/ MCT/Landov LLC. Fig. 7.6: Jaime Abecasis / TopFoto/The Image Works. Fig. 7.7: Dan Botkin. Fig. 7.8: Photonica/Getty Images, Inc. CHAPTER 8 Fig. 8.1a: Courtesy USDA (left). Fig. 8.1b: ©AP/ Wide World Photos (right). Fig. 8.3: Rob Crandall/The Image Works. Fig. 8.5: Dr. Ian Woxvold of the University of Melbourne Zoology Dept. Fig. 8.6a: Oliver Meckes/Photo Researchers, Inc (left). Fig. 8.6b: Oliver Meckas/Photo Researchers, Inc (center). Fig. 8.6c: Adam Jones/Photo Researchers, Inc (right). Fig. 8.7a: Paula Bronstein / Getty Images, Inc. Fig. 8.8: All Canada Photos/Alamy. Fig. 8.10a: David Tipling/Getty Images, Inc. (left). Fig. 8.10b: Big Stock Photo (right). Fig. 8.17a: S. Greg Panosian/iStockphoto (top left). Fig. 8.17b: Jim Parkin/iStockphoto (top right). Fig. 8.17c: imagebroker/Alamy (center). Fig. 8.18a: John Carnemolla/iStockphoto (bottom left). Fig. 8.18b: Toni Angermayer/Photo Researchers (bottom center). Fig. 8.18c: Gary Unwin/iStockphoto (bottom right). CHAPTER 9 Ch Op 9: Franz Marc Frei/Corbis Images. Fig. 9.2: Joe Raedle/Getty Images, Inc. Fig. 9.3: Cameron Davidson /Alamy (left). Fig. 9.4: Cameron Davidson/Alamy (right). Fig. 9.6: age fotostock/SuperStock. Fig. 9.7: Brand X Pictures/Getty Images, Inc. Fig. 9.8a: Nik Wheeler/©Corbis (left). Fig. 9.9: Corbis/SuperStock (top). Fig. 9.10a: Gary Crabbe/Alamy (bottom left). Fig. 9.10b: Ian Shive/Aurora Photos/Corbis Images (bottom right). Fig. 9.11a: Kaido KÑrner/Alamy (left). Fig. 9.11b: Tom Brakefield/©Photolibrary (right). Fig. 9.12: Robert Morris//Alamy (left). Fig. 9.13: Courtesy Ed Keller (right). CHAPTER 10 Ch Op 10: ©AP/Wide World Photos. Fig. 10.1a: T. Orban/©Corbis (top). Fig. 10.1b: David & Peter Turnley/©Corbis (bottom). Fig. 10.2: Prof. Ed Keller. Fig. 10.3a: Bill Brooks/Masterfile (left). Fig. 10.3b: Greg Taylor/Alamy (right). Fig. 10.6: O. Franken/©Corbis. Fig. 10.7: Stephen Dalton/Photo Researchers. Fig. 10.9c: Martin Bond/ Photo Researchers. Fig. 10.10: NANJLA TANJUNG/Reuters/Landov LLC. Fig. 10.16: (c)AP/Wide World Photos. CHAPTER 11 Ch Op 11: Courtesy USDA. Fig. 11.1: Debbie Roos, North Carolina Cooperative Extension. Fig. 11.4: Bettmann Archive/©Corbis. Fig. 11.6: ©AP/Wide World Photos. Fig. 11.8a: Kevin Morris/Getty Images, Inc. (left). Fig. 11.8b: JC Carton/ Bruce Coleman, Inc. (center). Fig. 11.8c: Du an Kosti /iStockphoto (right). Fig. 11.15: ©Corbis (top left). Fig. 11.11: SuperStock. Fig. 11.16: Daniel Valla/Alamy. Fig. 11.19: Bullit Marquez/©AP/Wide World Photos. Fig. 11.20a: Simko/Visuals Unlimited (top left). Fig. 11.20b: JAY DIRECTO/AFP/Getty Images/NewsCom (top right). Fig. 11.20c: Gaertner/Alamy (bottom). Fig. 11.21: Doug Plummer/ Photo Researchers (bottom). CHAPTER 12 Ch Op 12: Courtesy Dan Botkin. Fig. 12.1a: Courtesy Dan Botkin. Fig. 12.2: Radius/SuperStock (top). Fig. 12.1: IndexStock/SuperStock. Fig. 12.12: Global Warming Images/Alamy. Fig. 12.13a: Steve McCurry/Magnum Photos, Inc. (top). Fig. 12.13b: John Warburton-Lee Photography/Alamy (bottom). Fig. 12.14a: Photo Researchers (left). Fig. 12.14b: Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./ Photo Researchers (right). Fig. 12.15: Chee-Onn Leong/iStockphoto. Fig. 12.16a: Courtesy Dan Botkin. Fig. 12.17: Rich Reid/Getty Images, Inc.
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Earth as a Li
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VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLIS
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About the Authors Daniel B. Botkin
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Preface vii Themes Our book is base
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Preface ix Updated Critical Thinkin
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Acknowledgments Reviewers of This E
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Acknowledgments xiii Karen Swanson,
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Contents Chapter 1 Key Themes in En
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xviii Contents Summary 125 Reexamin
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xx Contents Chapter 13 Wildlife, Fi
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xxii Contents CRITICAL THINKING ISS
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xxiv Contents Availability and Use
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2 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environme
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10 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environm
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over 4 million in 1950. In 1999 Tok
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CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Knowi
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CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts and
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100 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
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102 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
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CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cycles
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106 CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cy
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144 CHAPTER 8 Biological Diversity
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186 CHAPTER 10 Environmental Health
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212 CHAPTER 11 Agriculture, Aquacul
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236 CHAPTER 12 Landscapes: Forests,
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258 CHAPTER 13 Wildlife, Fisheries,
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CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics LEAR
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288 CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics
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304 CHAPTER 15 Fossil Fuels and the
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CHAPTER 16 Alternative Energy and t
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CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, and M
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370 CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, a
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CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and Trea
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CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Climate,
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430 CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Clim
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462 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution CASE S
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464 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution
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466 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Table
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470 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Air po
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472 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Mercur
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474 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution (a) FI
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478 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution The ga
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490 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution chimn
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494 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution SUMMAR
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496 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution STUDY
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498 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments C
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500 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments I
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502 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments o
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504 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments K
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506 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments 2
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508 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments A
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510 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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512 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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518 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments S
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520 CHAPTER 23 Materials Management
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522 CHAPTER 23 Materials Management
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Page 623 and 624: Index Entries followed by an f may
Page 625 and 626: INDEX I-3 Sweetwater Marsh National
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N-12 NOTES 19. Piore, 2002 (April 1
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N-14 NOTES application of secondary
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N-16 NOTES 22. Foukal, P., C. Frohl
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N-18 NOTES 54. Zummo, S.M., and M.H
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N-20 NOTES 38. Bullard, R.D. 1990.
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