Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

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382 CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, and Management Agriculture, 1990 Groundwater pump (unmetered) Fertilizer and pesticide storage Flood irrigation Drip irrigation Agricultural runoff To river or groundwater Agriculture, 2020 Groundwater pump (metered) Biological pest control shed Ground station for weather data Precision sprinklers Habitat for wildlife Restored stream All drip irrigation Moisture sensors To river or groundwater FIGURE 18.13 Comparison of agricultural practices in 1990 with what they might be by 2020. The improvements call for a variety of agricultural procedures, including biological pest control, more efficient irrigation, and restoration of water resources and wildlife habitat. (Source: P.H. Gleick, P. Loh, S.V. Gomez, and J. Morrison, California Water 2020, a Sustainable Vision [Oakland, CA: Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security, 1995].)
18.4 Water Conservation 383 Public Supply and Domestic Use Domestic use of water accounts for only about 12% of total national water withdrawals. However, because public supply water use is concentrated in urban areas, it may pose major local problems in areas where water is periodically or often in short supply. The population of the United States continues to grow, and many urban areas in the United States are experiencing or will experience the impact of population growth on water supply. For example: Southern California, in particular San Diego and Los Angeles, is growing rapidly, and its water needs are quickly exceeding local supplies. As a result, the city of San Diego has negotiated with farmers to the east, in the Imperial Valley, to purchase water for urban areas. The city is also building desalination plants and considering raising the height of dams so more water can be stored for urban uses. Southern California has long imported water from the Sierra Nevada to the north. If climate change brings less snow and more rain, that supply may become more variable because snow melts slowly and thus serves as a water source for a longer time than rain, which quickly runs off. In the expectation of more rain than snow, plans for what is called the Inland Feeder Project include a series of large-diameter tunnels to quickly deliver large volumes of water from northern California to Southern California during periods of rapid runoff. They will be used to fill local reservoirs and groundwater basins, providing water during dry periods and emergencies. In Denver, city officials, fearing future water shortages, are proposing strict conservation measures that include limits on water use for landscaping and the amount of grass that can be planted around new homes. Chicago, one of the fastest-growing urban areas in the United States and located on the shore of Lake Michigan, one of the largest sources of freshwater in the world, reports groundwater-depletion problems. Water shortages in outlying urban areas may become apparent by 2020. Tampa, Florida, fearing shortages of freshwater because of its continuing growth, began operating a desalination plant in 2003 that produces approximately 25 million gallons of water daily. Atlanta, Georgia, another fast-growing urban area in the United States, expects increased demand on its water supplies as a result and is exploring ways to meet that demand. New York City, which imports water from the upstate Catskill Mountains, periodically has water shortages during droughts. The city placed water restrictions on its more than 9 million citizens in 2002. What is clear from these examples is that while there is no shortage of water in the United States or the world, there are local and regional shortages, particularly in large, growing urban areas in the semiarid western and southwestern United States. 9 Most water in homes is used in the bathroom and for washing laundry and dishes. Domestic water use can be substantially reduced at a relatively small cost by the following measures: In semiarid regions, replace lawns with decorative gravel and native plants. Use more efficient bathroom fixtures, such as low-flow toilets that use 1.6 gallons or less per flush rather than the standard 5 gallons, and low-flow showerheads that still deliver sufficient water. Flush only when really necessary. Turn off water when not absolutely needed for washing, brushing teeth, shaving, and so on. Fix all leaks quickly. Dripping pipes, faucets, toilets, or garden hoses waste water. A small drip can waste several liters per day; multiply this by millions of homes with a leak, and a large volume of water is lost. Purchase dishwashers and laundry machines that minimize water use. Take a long bath rather than a long shower. Don’t hose sidewalks and driveways; sweep them. Consider using gray water (from showers, bathtubs, sinks, and washing machines) to water vegetation. The gray water from laundry machines is easiest to use, as it can be easily diverted before entering a drain. Water lawns and plants in the early morning, late afternoon, or at night to reduce evaporation. Use drip irrigation and place water-holding mulch around garden plants. Plant drought-resistant vegetation that requires less water. Learn how to read the water meter to monitor for unobserved leaks and record your conservation successes. Use reclaimed water (see opening case study). In addition, local water districts should encourage water pricing policies that make water use more expensive for those who exceed some baseline amount determined by the number of people in a home and the size of the property.
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Earth as a Li
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VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLIS
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About the Authors Daniel B. Botkin
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Preface vii Themes Our book is base
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Preface ix Updated Critical Thinkin
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Acknowledgments Reviewers of This E
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Acknowledgments xiii Karen Swanson,
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Contents Chapter 1 Key Themes in En
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xviii Contents Summary 125 Reexamin
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xx Contents Chapter 13 Wildlife, Fi
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xxii Contents CRITICAL THINKING ISS
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xxiv Contents Availability and Use
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2 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environme
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10 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environm
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over 4 million in 1950. In 1999 Tok
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CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Knowi
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24 CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Kn
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42 CHAPTER 3 The Big Picture: Syste
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60 CHAPTER 4 The Human Population a
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CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts and
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82 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts a
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100 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
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102 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
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CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cycles
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106 CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cy
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128 CHAPTER 7 Dollars and Environme
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144 CHAPTER 8 Biological Diversity
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170 CHAPTER 9 Ecological Restoratio
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186 CHAPTER 10 Environmental Health
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212 CHAPTER 11 Agriculture, Aquacul
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236 CHAPTER 12 Landscapes: Forests,
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258 CHAPTER 13 Wildlife, Fisheries,
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CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics LEAR
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288 CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics
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304 CHAPTER 15 Fossil Fuels and the
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CHAPTER 16 Alternative Energy and t
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328 CHAPTER 16 Alternative Energy a
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330 CHAPTER 16 Alternative Energy a
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432 CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Clim
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462 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution CASE S
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464 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution
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466 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Table
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470 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Air po
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472 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Mercur
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474 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution (a) FI
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478 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution The ga
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490 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution chimn
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494 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution SUMMAR
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496 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution STUDY
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498 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments C
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500 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments I
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502 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments o
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504 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments K
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506 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments 2
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508 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments A
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510 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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512 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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518 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments S
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520 CHAPTER 23 Materials Management
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552 CHAPTER 24 Our Environmental Fu
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Appendix A Special Feature: Electro
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Appendix A-3 VOLUME in 3 ft 3 yd 3
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Appendix A-5 Basic Chemistry
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Photo Credits CHAPTER 1 Ch Op 1: Im
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Glossary Abortion rate The estimate
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Glossary G-3 deposition of crustal
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Glossary G-5 high and the growth ra
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Glossary G-7 environmental impacts
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Glossary G-9 per unit time and some
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Glossary G-11 cooler than it is tod
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Glossary G-13 Nonpoint sources Poll
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Glossary G-15 Positive feedback A t
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Glossary G-17 Shelterwood cutting A
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Glossary G-19 Time series The set o
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Index Entries followed by an f may
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INDEX I-3 Sweetwater Marsh National
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INDEX I-5 dune succession, 96, 96f
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INDEX I-7 Colorado River, 114, 115f
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INDEX I-9 Lovelock, James, 10, 108
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INDEX I-11 Pelagic ecosystem, 85, 8
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INDEX I-13 Static systems, 44, 44f
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INDEX I-15 Watts, 291, 292t Weather
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N-2 NOTES 7. Schmidt, W.E. 1991 (Se
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N-4 NOTES 4. Christian, D. 2004. Ma
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N-6 NOTES 9. Collins, S.L., A.K. Kn
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N-8 NOTES 8. U.S. Department of Agr
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N-10 NOTES 19. O’Donnell, James J
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N-12 NOTES 19. Piore, 2002 (April 1
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N-14 NOTES application of secondary
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N-16 NOTES 22. Foukal, P., C. Frohl
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N-18 NOTES 54. Zummo, S.M., and M.H
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N-20 NOTES 38. Bullard, R.D. 1990.
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