Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

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Contents
CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE WHAT IS YOUR WATER
FOOTPRINT? 394
Summary 395
Reexamining Themes and Issues 396
Key Terms 397
Study Questions 397
Further Reading 397
Chapter 19
Water Pollution and Treatment 398
CASE STUDY America’s “First River”:
A Success Story 399
19.1 Water Pollution 400
A CLOSER LOOK 19.1 What Is the Value of Clean Water to
New York City? 402
19.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 403
19.3 Waterborne Disease 404
Fecal Coliform Bacteria 404
19.4 Nutrients 405
Eurtrophication 405
A CLOSER LOOK 19.2 Cultural Eutrophication in the
Gulf of Mexico 407
19.5 Oil 408
19.6 Sediment 408
19.7 Acid Mine Drainage 409
19.8 Surface-Water Pollution 410
Reducing Surface-Water Pollution 410
19.9 Groundwater Pollution 412
Principles of Groundwater Pollution: An Example 412
Long Island, New York 413
A CLOSER LOOK 19.3 Water for Domestic Use:
How Safe Is It? 414
19.10 Wastewater Treatment 414
Septic-Tank Disposal Systems 415
Wastewater Treatment Plants 415
Primary Treatment 416
Secondary Treatment 416
Advanced Wastewater Treatment 417
Chlorine Treatment 417
A CLOSER LOOK 19.4 Boston Harbor: Cleaning Up a
National Treasure 417
19.11 Land Application of Wastewater 418
Wastewater and Wetlands 418
Louisiana Coastal Wetlands 419
Phoenix, Arizona: Constructed Wetlands 419
19.12 Water Reuse 420
19.13 Conditions of Stream Ecosystems in the
United States 421
19.14 Water Pollution and Environmental Law 421
CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE IS WATER POLLUTION FROM
PIG FARMS UNAVOIDABLE? 423
Summary 424
Reexamining Themes and Issues 425
Key Terms 426
Study Questions 426
Further Reading 427
Chapter 20
The Atmostphere, Climate, and
Global Warming 428
CASE STUDY What Does History Tell Us about Global
Warming’s Potential Consequences for People? 429
20.1 Fundamental Global Warming Questions 430
20.2 Weather and Climate 431
The Climate Is Always Changing at a Variety of
Time Scales 432
20.3 The Origin of the Global Warming Issue 433
20.4 The Atmosphere 434
Structure of the Atmosphere 434
Atmospheric Processes: Temperature, Pressure, and Global
Zones of High and Low Pressure 435
Energy and the Atmosphere: What Makes the
Earth Warm 436
20.5 How We Study Climate 438
The Instrumental Record 438
The Historical Record 438
The Paleo-Proxy Record 438
Proxy Climate Methods 438
20.6 The Greenhouse Effect 441
How the Greenhouse Effect Works 441
20.7 The Major Greenhouse Gases 443
Carbon Dioxide 443
Methane 444
Chlorofluorocarbons 444
Nitrous Oxide 444
20.8 Climate Change and Feedback Loops 444
Possible Negative Feedback Loops for Climate Change 444
Possible Positive Feedback Loops for Climate Change 445
20.9 Causes of Climate Change 445
Milankovitch Cycles 445
Solar Cycles 446
Atmospheric Transparency Affects Climate and Weather 446
The Surface of Earth and Albedo (reflectivity) Affects Climate
and Weather 447
Roughness of the Earth’s Surface Affects the
Atmosphere 447
The Chemistry of Life Affects the Atmosphere 447
Climate Forcing 447
20.10 The Oceans and Climate Change 448
El Niño and Climate 449
20.11 Forecasting Climate Change 450
Past Observations and Laboratory Research 450
Computer Simulations 450
20.12 Potential Rates of Global Climate Change 451
20.13 Potential Environmental, Ecological, and Human
Effects of Global Warming 451
Changes in River Flow 451
Rise in Sea Level 452
Glaciers and Sea Ice 452
A CLOSER LOOK 20.1 Some Animals and Plants in Great Britain
Are Adjusting to Global Warming 454
Changes in Biological Diversity 455