Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

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144 CHAPTER 8 Biological Diversity and Biological Invasions CASE STUDY Citrus Greening In 2005 a tiny fruit fly that carries and disperses a bacterial disease of citrus plants arrived in the United States from China (Figure 8.1). This disease, known as “citrus greening” or Chinese huanglongbing (yellow dragon disease) had been extending its range and had reached India, many African countries, and Brazil (Figure 8.2). Wherever the fly and the bacteria have gone, citrus crops have failed. The bacteria interfere with the flow of organic compounds in the phloem (the living part of the plant’s bark). The larvae of the fruit fly sucks juices from the tree, inadvertently injecting the bacteria. Winds blow the adult flies from one tree to another, making control of the fly difficult. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), citrus greening is the most severe new threat to citrus plants in the United States and might end commercial orange production in Florida. Many Florida counties are under a quarantine that prevents citrus plants from being moved from one area to another. 1 Introductions of new species into new habitats have occurred as long as life has existed on Earth. And beginning with the earliest human travelers, our ancestors have moved species around the world, sometimes on purpose, sometimes unknowingly. Polynesians brought crops, pigs, and many other animals and plants from one Pacific Island to another as they migrated and settled widely before a.d. 1000. The intentional spread of crop plants around the world has been one of the primary reasons that our species has been able to survive in so many habitats and has grown to such a huge number. But if invasion by species is as old as life, and often beneficial to people, why is it also the source of so many environmental problems? The answers lie in this chapter. (a) FIGURE 8.1 (a) Larvae of Diaphorina citri, the tiny fly that spreads citrus greening bacteria (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus); (b) the disease yellows leaves, turns fruit greenish brown, and eventually kills the tree. (b)
8.1 What Is Biological Diversity? 145 United States Florida Louisiana Middle East Asia Saudi Arabia Bangladesh Bhutan Birmanie Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan Laos Malaysia Nepal Papua New Guinea Pakistan Philippines Thailand Taiwan Timor Oriental Vietnam Yemen Brazil Paraná São Paulo Minas Gerais Africa South Africa Burundi Cameroon Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Mali Malawi Mauritius Nigeria Central African Republic Reunion Rwanda Somalia Swaziland Tanzania Zimbabwe FIGURE 8.2 Where citrus greening has spread from its origin in China. The yellow shows the disease locations. (Source: USDA.) 8.1 What Is Biological Diversity? Biological diversity refers to the variety of life-forms, commonly expressed as the number of species or the number of genetic types in an area. (We remind you of the definitions of population and species in Chapter 4: A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area or interbreeding and sharing genetic information. A species is all individuals that are capable of interbreeding. A species is made up of populations.) Conservation of biological diversity gets lots of attention these days. One day we hear about polar bears on the news, the next day something about wolves or salmon or elephants or whales. What should we do to protect these species that mean so much to people? What do we need to do about biological diversity in general—all the life-forms, whether people enjoy them or not? And is this a scientific issue or not? Is it even partially scientific? That’s what this chapter is about. It introduces the scientific concepts concerning biological diversity, explains the aspects of biological diversity that have a scientific base, distinguishes the scientific aspects from the nonscientific ones, and thereby provides a basis for you to evaluate the biodiversity issues you read about. Why Do People Value Biodiversity? Before we discuss the scientific basis of biodiversity and the role of science in its conservation, we should consider why people value it. There are nine primary reasons: utilitarian; public-service; ecological; moral; theological; aesthetic; recreational; spiritual; and creative. 2 Utilitarian means that a species or group of species provides a product that is of direct value to people. Publicservice means that nature and its diversity provide some service, such as taking up carbon dioxide or pollinating flowers, that is essential or valuable to human life and would be expensive or impossible to do ourselves. Ecological refers to the fact that species have roles in their ecosystems, and that some of these are necessary for the persistence of their ecosystems, perhaps even for the persistence of all life. Scientific research tells us which species have such ecosystem roles. The moral reason for valuing biodiversity is the belief that species have a right to exist, independent of their value to people. The theological reason refers to the fact that some religions value nature and its diversity, and a person who subscribes to that religion supports this belief.
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Earth as a Li
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VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLIS
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About the Authors Daniel B. Botkin
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Preface vii Themes Our book is base
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Preface ix Updated Critical Thinkin
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Acknowledgments Reviewers of This E
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Acknowledgments xiii Karen Swanson,
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Contents Chapter 1 Key Themes in En
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xviii Contents Summary 125 Reexamin
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xx Contents Chapter 13 Wildlife, Fi
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xxii Contents CRITICAL THINKING ISS
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xxiv Contents Availability and Use
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2 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environme
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10 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environm
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over 4 million in 1950. In 1999 Tok
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CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Knowi
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24 CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Kn
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42 CHAPTER 3 The Big Picture: Syste
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60 CHAPTER 4 The Human Population a
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CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts and
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82 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts a
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194 CHAPTER 10 Environmental Health
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212 CHAPTER 11 Agriculture, Aquacul
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236 CHAPTER 12 Landscapes: Forests,
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258 CHAPTER 13 Wildlife, Fisheries,
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CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics LEAR
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288 CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics
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304 CHAPTER 15 Fossil Fuels and the
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CHAPTER 16 Alternative Energy and t
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346 CHAPTER 17 Nuclear Energy and t
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CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, and M
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370 CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, a
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CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and Trea
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400 CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and
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CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Climate,
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430 CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Clim
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462 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution CASE S
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464 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution
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466 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Table
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470 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Air po
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472 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Mercur
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474 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution (a) FI
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478 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution The ga
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490 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution chimn
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494 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution SUMMAR
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496 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution STUDY
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498 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments C
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500 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments I
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502 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments o
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504 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments K
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506 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments 2
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508 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments A
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510 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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512 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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518 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments S
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520 CHAPTER 23 Materials Management
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552 CHAPTER 24 Our Environmental Fu
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Appendix A Special Feature: Electro
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Appendix A-3 VOLUME in 3 ft 3 yd 3
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Appendix A-5 Basic Chemistry
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Photo Credits CHAPTER 1 Ch Op 1: Im
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Glossary Abortion rate The estimate
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Glossary G-3 deposition of crustal
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Glossary G-5 high and the growth ra
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Glossary G-7 environmental impacts
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Glossary G-9 per unit time and some
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Glossary G-11 cooler than it is tod
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Glossary G-13 Nonpoint sources Poll
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Glossary G-15 Positive feedback A t
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Glossary G-17 Shelterwood cutting A
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Glossary G-19 Time series The set o
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Index Entries followed by an f may
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INDEX I-3 Sweetwater Marsh National
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INDEX I-5 dune succession, 96, 96f
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INDEX I-7 Colorado River, 114, 115f
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INDEX I-9 Lovelock, James, 10, 108
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INDEX I-11 Pelagic ecosystem, 85, 8
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INDEX I-13 Static systems, 44, 44f
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INDEX I-15 Watts, 291, 292t Weather
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N-2 NOTES 7. Schmidt, W.E. 1991 (Se
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N-4 NOTES 4. Christian, D. 2004. Ma
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N-6 NOTES 9. Collins, S.L., A.K. Kn
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N-8 NOTES 8. U.S. Department of Agr
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N-10 NOTES 19. O’Donnell, James J
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N-12 NOTES 19. Piore, 2002 (April 1
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N-14 NOTES application of secondary
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N-16 NOTES 22. Foukal, P., C. Frohl
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N-18 NOTES 54. Zummo, S.M., and M.H
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N-20 NOTES 38. Bullard, R.D. 1990.
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