Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

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236 CHAPTER 12 Landscapes: Forests, Parks, and Wilderness CASE STUDY Jamaica Bay National Wildlife Refuge: Nature and the Big City The largest bird sanctuary in the northeastern United States is—surprise!—in New York City. It is the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge, covering more than 9,000 acres—14 square miles of land, 20,000 acres in total, within view of Manhattan’s Empire State Building (see Figure 12.1). Jamaica Bay is run by the National Park Service, and you can get there by city bus or subway. 1 More than 300 bird species have been seen there, including the glossy ibis, common farther south, and the curlew sandpiper, which breeds in northern Siberia. Clearly, this wildlife refuge, like the city itself, is a major transportation crossroads. In fact, it is one of the major stopovers on the Atlantic bird migration flyway. We are not as likely to think of viewing nature near a big city as we are to think of taking a trip far away to wilderness, but as more and more of us become urban dwellers, parks and preserves within easy reach of cities are going to become more important. Also, cities like New York usually lie at important crossroads, not just for people but for wildlife, as illustrated by Jamaica Bay’s many avian visitors. In the 19th century, this bay was a rich source of shellfish, but these were fished out and their habitats destroyed by urban development of many kinds. And like so many other natural areas, parks, and preserves, Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge has troubles. The estuary that it is part of is today only half the size it was in colonial times, and the refuge’s salt marshes are disappearing at a rate that alarms conservationists. Some of the wetlands have been filled, some shorelines bulkheaded to protect developments, and channels dredged. A lot of marshland disappeared with the building of Kennedy International Airport, just a few miles away. The salt marshes and brackish waters of the bay are also damaged by a large (a)
To Brooklyn College-Flatbush Ave Station 2 Seventh Avenue Express 5 Lexington Avenue Express (rush hour only) Permit Marine Parkway- side and walk bicycles) Fee Congressman Joseph P. Addabbo Bridge Q21Bus Q53Bus No bikes on wildlife refuge trails. Free hiking permit required; obtain at visitor center. Q22Bus 8 Avenue Express Cross Bay Veterans to Rockaway Park Beach 116 St Station 8 Avenue Express side and walk bicycle) Beach 98 St Station Beach 105 St Station Beach 90 St Station 12.1 Forests and Forestry 237 B R O O K L Y N Q35 Bus Rockaway Parkway Flatbush Avenue Canarsie/Rockaway Parkway Station L 14 Street-Canarsie Local B42 Bus Horseback riding/stables Rockaway Gateway Greenway Canarsie Pier New Lots Avenue Station 3 Seventh Avenue Express Belt Parkway N O R T H C H A N J A M A I C A 78th St 161st Ave N E L 157th Ave Cross Bay Boulevard Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge 83rd St 165th Ave 98th Street Hamilton Beach Park Q U E E N S Frank M. Charles Memorial Park B A Y 102nd St West Pond Visitor Center Howard Beach/JFK Station A JOHN F. KENNEDY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT East Pond Broad Channel Station S Rockaway Park Shuttle (Broad Channel Station A FIGURE 12.1 Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge, New York City. (a) The largest wildlife refuge in the northeastern United States is within view of New York City’s Empire State Building. It’s a surprisingly good place for birdwatching, since it is used by 325 species of birds. (b) This map of the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge shows how near the refuge is to Manhattan Island. Plumb Beach R O C K A W A Y I Golf range N L E T Marina Dead Horse Bay Floyd Bennett Field Sports Complex Ryan Visitor Center Ranger Station Gil Hodges Bridge (use sidewalk on west B 169th St Pitch-n-Putt Boardwalk B145 B 144 Jacob Riis Park Beach Channel Drive B 126 Rockaway Beach Blvd Rockaway Park Beach 116 St Station S Rockaway Park Shuttle A 8 Avenue Express (rush hour only) Boardwalk B108 A T L A N T I C O C E Memorial Bridge (use sidewalk on east B 95 B94 l Beach A N Channe Drive Shorefront Pkwy (b) flow of freshwater from treated sewage. Contrary to what you may think, the only difficulty with this water is that it is fresh, which is a problem to the bay’s ecosystems. Help may be on the way. A watershed protection plan has been written, and there is growing interest in this amazing refuge. The good news is that plentiful wildlife viewing is within a commuter’s trip for more than 10 million people. Still, natural areas like the wetlands and bay near New York City and the forests and prairies throughout North America present a conflict. On the one hand, they have been valued for the profits to be made from developing the land for other uses. On the other hand, people value and want to preserve the wildlife and vegetation, the natural ecosystems, for all the reasons discussed in Chapter 7 on biological diversity. In the 17th century, when the first Europeans arrived in what is now New York City and Long Island, they found a landscape already occupied by the Lenape Indians, who farmed, hunted, fished, and made trails that ran from Manhattan to Jamaica Bay. 2 Much of the land, especially land extending north along the Hudson River, was forested, and the forests, too, were occupied and used for their resources by the Lenape and other Indians. The dual uses of landscapes were already established: They were both harvested for many resources and appreciated for their beauty and variety. Although since then the entire landscape has been heavily altered, those dual uses of the land are still with us and give rise to conflicts about which should dominate. In this chapter we look at various kinds of landscapes: parks, nature preserves, and especially forests, a major kind of landscape that is harvested for commercial products but is also considered important for biological conservation. Which use to emphasize—harvest, or preservation and aesthetic appreciation—underlies all the environmental issues about landscapes. We will talk about these kinds of natural resources and how to conserve and manage them while benefiting from them in many ways. 12.1 Forests and Forestry How People Have Viewed Forests Forests have always been important to people; indeed, forests and civilization have always been closely linked. Since the earliest civilizations—in fact, since some of the earliest human cultures—wood has been one of the major building materials and the most readily available and widely
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Earth as a Li
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VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLIS
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About the Authors Daniel B. Botkin
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Preface vii Themes Our book is base
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Preface ix Updated Critical Thinkin
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Acknowledgments Reviewers of This E
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Acknowledgments xiii Karen Swanson,
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Contents Chapter 1 Key Themes in En
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xviii Contents Summary 125 Reexamin
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xx Contents Chapter 13 Wildlife, Fi
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xxii Contents CRITICAL THINKING ISS
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xxiv Contents Availability and Use
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2 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environme
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10 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environm
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CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Knowi
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24 CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Kn
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42 CHAPTER 3 The Big Picture: Syste
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60 CHAPTER 4 The Human Population a
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CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts and
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82 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts a
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100 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
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102 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
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CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cycles
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106 CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cy
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128 CHAPTER 7 Dollars and Environme
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144 CHAPTER 8 Biological Diversity
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170 CHAPTER 9 Ecological Restoratio
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Page 212 and 213: 186 CHAPTER 10 Environmental Health
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CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics LEAR
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288 CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics
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304 CHAPTER 15 Fossil Fuels and the
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CHAPTER 16 Alternative Energy and t
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328 CHAPTER 16 Alternative Energy a
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346 CHAPTER 17 Nuclear Energy and t
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CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, and M
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370 CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, a
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CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and Trea
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400 CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and
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CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Climate,
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430 CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Clim
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462 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution CASE S
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464 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution
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466 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Table
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470 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Air po
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472 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Mercur
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474 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution (a) FI
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478 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution The ga
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490 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution chimn
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494 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution SUMMAR
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496 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution STUDY
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498 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments C
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500 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments I
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502 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments o
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504 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments K
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506 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments 2
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508 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments A
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510 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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512 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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518 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments S
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520 CHAPTER 23 Materials Management
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552 CHAPTER 24 Our Environmental Fu
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Appendix A Special Feature: Electro
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Appendix A-3 VOLUME in 3 ft 3 yd 3
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Appendix A-5 Basic Chemistry
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Photo Credits CHAPTER 1 Ch Op 1: Im
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Glossary Abortion rate The estimate
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Glossary G-3 deposition of crustal
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Glossary G-5 high and the growth ra
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Glossary G-7 environmental impacts
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Glossary G-9 per unit time and some
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Glossary G-11 cooler than it is tod
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Glossary G-13 Nonpoint sources Poll
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Glossary G-15 Positive feedback A t
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Glossary G-17 Shelterwood cutting A
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Glossary G-19 Time series The set o
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Index Entries followed by an f may
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INDEX I-3 Sweetwater Marsh National
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INDEX I-5 dune succession, 96, 96f
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INDEX I-7 Colorado River, 114, 115f
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INDEX I-9 Lovelock, James, 10, 108
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INDEX I-11 Pelagic ecosystem, 85, 8
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INDEX I-13 Static systems, 44, 44f
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INDEX I-15 Watts, 291, 292t Weather
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N-2 NOTES 7. Schmidt, W.E. 1991 (Se
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N-4 NOTES 4. Christian, D. 2004. Ma
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N-6 NOTES 9. Collins, S.L., A.K. Kn
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N-8 NOTES 8. U.S. Department of Agr
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N-10 NOTES 19. O’Donnell, James J
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N-12 NOTES 19. Piore, 2002 (April 1
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N-14 NOTES application of secondary
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N-16 NOTES 22. Foukal, P., C. Frohl
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N-18 NOTES 54. Zummo, S.M., and M.H
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N-20 NOTES 38. Bullard, R.D. 1990.
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