Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

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I-6 INDEX Fisheries (cont.) sustainability of fishing, 269 total global fish harvest, 265, 266t total species, 266 world’s major fisheries, 265f Fishing rights, allocating, 139 Fission, 348 Fission reactors, 364 Flamingos, 251f Flatworms, freshwater, 157, 157f Flemining, Sir Alexander, 31 Florida background radiation and, 354 Bone Valley, 121–123, 123f Everglades, 170–171, 170f, 387, 388f, 390 Kissimmee River, 174–175, 174f Lakeland, 512 Palm Beach County, 369, 369f Tampa, 383 Flour beetles, 155–156, 156f Flow, biogeochemical cycle and, 112 Fluorine, 202–203, 203f Flux, biogeochemical cycle and, 112 Food distribution disruptions and, 73 emergencies and, 216 global water shortage and, 393–394 international aid and, 216 population growth and, 6–7 prices and, 212 riots and, 6, 8f Food chain, 84–88 eating lower on, 228 efficiency and, 95 energy content of, 101, 101f Mono Lake, 23–24, 24f oceanic, 85 Food webs defined, 84 of harp seal, 85–88, 88f oceanic food web, 87f temperate, 86f terrestrial, 86 Footprints, water, 387, 394–395 Forage, 218 Forecasting population change, 66 Forestry, 238 Forests. See also Trees acid rain and, 470 atmosphere and, 242f certification of forest practices, 246–247 countries with largest areas of, 240, 240f deforestation, 247–248, 247f developing on lava flows, 96f dual human uses of, 239, 239f ecology of, 243 effects of, 241–243 forested watershed, 242f global warming and, 248 growth, computer simulation of, 29, 29f harvesting trees and, 245, 245f management of, 244–246 modern conflicts over, 238–239 old-growth forest, 244 ownership in U.S., 241f plantations, 245–246, 246f products, energy uses of, 339t public-service functions and, 238 rotation time, 244 second-growth forest, 244 site quality and, 245 sustainable forestry, 246–247 tree growth, 243–244, 244f tree niches, 243, 243f viewpoint of, 237–238 wood as energy source, 241 world forest area, 239–240, 239f Formaldehyde, 488t Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada, 322, 322f Fossil fuels alternatives to, 293–294 black shale natural gas, 310 cap rocks, 306 characteristics of, 305–306 coal, 314–321 coal-bed methane, 309–310 delivery and use, 312 depositional basins and, 306 methane hydrates, 310–311 natural gas, 309 oil and gas traps, 306, 306f oil in twenty-first century, 208t, 308–309 oil shale, 321–322 petroleum production, 306–307 power plants and, 349f recovery and, 311, 311f refinement and, 312 reservoir rock and, 306 source rock and, 306 tar sands, 322, 322f Founder effect, 153 Fox, 178–179, 178f Fractional distillation, 312 France national parks in, 252 Paris, 512f Rance tidal power station, 335–336, 335f French Polynesia, Bora Bora, 55f Freshwater flatworms, 157, 157f Freshwater wetlands, 388–389 Frogs demasculinization and feminization of, 196–197, 197f food chain and, 101, 191f Frontier science, 35–37 Fruit fly mutation, 150, 150f Fuel cells, 333–334, 333f Fugitive sources, air pollution and, 463, 463f Fundamental niches, 157, 157f Fusion, 348 Fusion reactors, 364 Future vs. present value, 135–136, 135f G Gaia hypothesis, 10–11, 55, 108 Galápagos Islands, 28f, 152, 152f Galileo, 24 Gamma decay, 351 Gamma rays, 350–351, 351f Ganges River, India, 232 Garden city, 507 Gasoline tank leakage, 412, 412f General circulation models, 451, 451f General Electric, 399–400 General fertility rate, 63t Generators, solar thermal, 331–332, 331f, 332f Genes, mutations and, 149–150 Genetic diversity, 146 Genetic drift, biological evolution and, 153–154 Genetic risk, extinction and, 276 Genetic tolerance, 205 Genetically modified crops, 214 Genetically modified food gene transfer and, 229–230, 230f new hybrids, 229 terminator gene and, 229 Genotypes, 149–150 Geographic isolation, biological evolution and, 152–153 Geologic cycle, 113–116, 113f hydrologic cycle, 115–116, 115f rock cycle, 116, 116f tectonic cycle, 113–114, 114f Geologic sequestration, 456 Georges Bank, 139 Georgia, Atlanta, 383 Geothermal energy environment and, 341 future of, 341 geothermal systems, 340–341 types of, 339–340 Geysers Geothermal Field, San Francisco, California, 340, 340f Ghana, population policy and, 75 Giardiasis, 190 Gir Forest, India, 339 Glacier National Park, Montana, 452 Glaciers, global warming and, 452–455 Glen Canyon Dam, Colorado River, 391–392, 391f Global chemical cycles, 111–112, 111f Global dimming, 468 Global extinction, 274 Global perspective, 10–11 Global security and environment, 563–564 Global thresholds, 565–566, 566t Global warming. See also Climate adjusting to, 456–457 agricultural productivity and, 455–456 animals and plants and, 454 average surface temperature and, 430, 430f biological diversity and, 455 fundamental questions regarding, 430–431 glaciers and sea ice and, 452–455 human health effects and, 456 indirect forest damage and, 248 international agreements and, 456–457 issue origins and, 433–434 river flow changes and, 451 seal level rises and, 452, 452f Goats, 220 Golden, Colorado, 529, 529f Golden eagle, 179, 179f Granada, Spain, 508, 508f Grand Canyon, Arizona banded-iron formations and, 109, 109f
INDEX I-7 Colorado River, 114, 115f species abundance and, 159, 159f Grasshoppers, 101, 191f Gray water, 387 Gray whales, 276, 278 Gray zone of suboptimal health, 187 Grazing rangeland, 218–221, 220f tallgrass prairies and, 177–178 Great Barrier Reef, Australia, 406 Great Britain American gray squirrel and, 154–155, 155f global warming and, 454 Hadley Meteorological Center, 438 mining area restoration in, 180, 180f native species and, 165 Thames River, 410 Victoria Park, 250 Grebe, 28–29, 28f Green buildings, 462 Green revolution, 228 Green water, 387 Greenbelts, 507 Greenhouse effect absorption and, 442f characteristics of, 441–443 Earth’s energy balance and, 442f idealized diagram of, 441f major greenhouse gases, 443–444, 443t Greenhouse gases, 433, 443–444, 443t carbon dioxide, 443 chlorofluorocarbons, 444 methane, 444 nitrous oxide, 444 Greenland ice sheet, 455 lead accumulation and, 468 Quanea, 193 Grinnell, George, 260 Grit chamber, 416 Grizzly bear, 258–259, 258f Gross national product (GNP), 63t Gross production, 93–94 Ground-trawling equipment, ocean floor destruction and, 269 Groundwater geothermal energy and, 340–341 interactions with surface water, 372–373, 372f, 373f overdraft, 375 supplies, 73 sustainability, 384 use and problems, 375–376 water pollution sources and processes, 401t Groundwater pollution bioremediation and, 412 Long Island, New York and, 413–414, 413f principles of, 412–413, 413f waste-disposal sites and, 412 Growth rates, population, 62 Guano Islands, 121, 122f, 223, 224f Guayule, 227 Gulf of Mexico active oil platforms in, 552f cultural eutrophication of, 407–408, 407f Deepwater Horizon oil spill and, 202, 311, 552–556 marine and coastal environment and, 553–554 Gumweed, 227 Gutierrez, Carlos M., 269 Gypsum, 321 H Habitat diversity, 146 Hadley cells, 435 Hadley Meteorological Center, Great Britain, 438 Haiti, food riots in, 8f Half-life, radioisotope, 350–352 Hardin, Garrett, 130 Harp seal, 85–88, 88f Harvest counts, 264–265 Hawaii adaptive radiation and, 152–153, 153f coral reef, 98, 98f forests developing on lava flows, 96f Maui, 463f Mauna Loa Mountain, 430, 431f Hazardous waste incineration and, 542–543 land disposal and, 540–542 legislation and, 539–540 Love Canal case and, 537–539 nuclear power reactors and, 353 production of, 537 recycling and resource recovery and, 542 reduction technologies, 541t River Severn, England, 539, 539f secure landfill for, 542f source reduction and, 542 treatment and, 542 Heat energy, 289 Heat engines, 293 Heat pollution, 198–199, 198f Heating, indoor air pollution and, 490 Heavy metals, 191 Heavy water, 349 Heinselman, Murray, 30–31 Henderson, Lawrence, 108 Herbicides, 225 Herbivores, 101 Herding practices, 220 Heterotrophs, 84, 91 High-altitude ozone depletion, 481–486 Antarctic ozone hole, 484 chlorofluorocarbons and, 483 environmental effects and, 484485 future of, 486 measuring stratospheric ozone, 482–483 polar stratospheric clouds, 484 simplified stratospheric chlorine chemistry, 483–484 ultraviolet radiation and, 481–482, 481f, 482f High-level radioactive waste, 361–362 High Line Park, New York City, 498, 498f High Plains Aquifer, 375 High Temperature Gas Reactor, 364 Historical evidence, 30–31 Historical range of variation, 263–264 Historical record, climate and, 438 H.J. Andrews experimental forest, Oregon, 245 H1N1 flu pandemic, 189 Holdfasts, 81 Honeycreepers, 153, 153f Hormonally active agents, 196–197, 197f Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center, Texas, 337 Horseshoe crabs, 273 Hot springs, 84–85, 84f, 85f Household appliances, power use of, 292t Houston, Texas, 186–187 Houston Ship Channel, 186–187 Howard, Ebenezer, 507 Huang He River, China, 232 Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study, 89 Hubbard Brook experimental forest, New Hampshire, 245 Hudson River, New York, 399–400, 511, 512f Human population age structure and, 67–69 annual growth rate of, 65f brief history of, 64 carrying capacity and, 73–74 death rates and industrial rise, 72–73, 72f definitions and terminology and, 61–62, 63t demographic transition and, 69–71m 79f doubling time and, 65, 65f effects on earth, 73 exponential growth and, 65 exponential growth curve and, 62–63 famine and food crisis and, 6–7, 7f forecasting change in, 66 future growth projections and, 65–67 growth of, 6–8 logistic growth curve and, 65–67 longevity and, 71–73, 71f Malthus prophecy and, 68 medical advances and, 71 pandemics and, 60–61, 61f population dynamics and, 61–63 population history of our species, 63f rapid growth of, 6, 6f U.N. projections and, 67, 67f U.S. (1790-2008) population statistics, 62f zero population growth, 74–75 Human waste recycling, 531–532 Hurricane Katrina, 487, 503–504, 504f Hussein, Saddam, 176 Hutchinson, G. Evelyn, 108, 154 Hutton, James, 54, 55 Hybrid cars, 296, 296f Hybrid crops, 227–228, 229 Hydrocarbons, 472 Hydroelectric power. See Water power Hydrogen fluoride, 471 Hydrogen sulfide, 471 Hydrologic cycle, 115–116, 115f, 370, 371f Hydrology, rainfall and, 2–4 Hypothesis, 26 I Ice cores, 438–439, 438f Idaho, Boise, 346
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Earth as a Li
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VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLIS
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About the Authors Daniel B. Botkin
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Preface vii Themes Our book is base
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Preface ix Updated Critical Thinkin
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Acknowledgments Reviewers of This E
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Acknowledgments xiii Karen Swanson,
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Contents Chapter 1 Key Themes in En
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xviii Contents Summary 125 Reexamin
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xx Contents Chapter 13 Wildlife, Fi
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xxii Contents CRITICAL THINKING ISS
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xxiv Contents Availability and Use
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2 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environme
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10 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environm
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CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Knowi
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186 CHAPTER 10 Environmental Health
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CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics LEAR
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466 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Table
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Page 625 and 626: INDEX I-3 Sweetwater Marsh National
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Page 640 and 641: N-2 NOTES 7. Schmidt, W.E. 1991 (Se
Page 642 and 643: N-4 NOTES 4. Christian, D. 2004. Ma
Page 644 and 645: N-6 NOTES 9. Collins, S.L., A.K. Kn
Page 646 and 647: N-8 NOTES 8. U.S. Department of Agr
Page 648 and 649: N-10 NOTES 19. O’Donnell, James J
Page 650 and 651: N-12 NOTES 19. Piore, 2002 (April 1
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Page 658: N-20 NOTES 38. Bullard, R.D. 1990.
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