Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

Contents xix
Environmentally Transmitted Infectious Disease 190
Toxic Heavy Metals 191
Toxic Pathways 191
Organic Compounds 193
A CLOSER LOOK 10.2 Mercury and
Minamata, Japan 193
Persistent Organic Pollutants 194
A CLOSER LOOK 10.3 Dioxin: How
Dangerous Is It? 195
Hormonally Active Agents (HAAs) 196
A CLOSER LOOK 10.4 Demasculinization and
Feminization of Frogs 196
Nuclear Radiation 198
Thermal Pollution 198
Particulates 199
Asbestos 199
Electromagnetic Fields 199
Noise Pollution 200
Voluntary Exposure 201
10.3 General Effects of Pollutants 201
Concept of Dose and Response 201
Dose-Response Curve (LD-50, ED-50, and TD-50) 203
Threshold Effects 204
Ecological Gradients 205
Tolerance 205
Acute and Chronic Effects 205
10.4 Risk Assessment 205
CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE IS LEAD IN THE
URBAN ENVIRONMENT CONTRIBUTING TO
ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR? 207
Summary 208
Reexamining Themes and Issues 208
Key Terms 209
Study Questions 209
Further Reading 210
Chapter 11
Agriculture, Aquaculture, and
the Environment 211
CASE STUDY Biofuels and Banana Chips: Food Crops vs.
Fuel Crops 212
11.1 An Ecological Perspective on Agriculture 213
The Plow Puzzle 214
11.2 Can We Feed the World? 214
How We Starve 216
11.3 What We Grow on the Land 218
Crops 218
Livestock: The Agriculture of Animals 218
11.4 Soils 221
Restoring Our Soils 222
A CLOSER LOOK 11.1 The Great American Dust Bowl 223
11.5 Controlling Pests 224
Pesticides 224
11.6 The Future of Agriculture 227
Increased Production per Acre 227
Increased Farmland Area 227
New Crops and Hybrids 227
Better Irrigation 228
Organic Farming 228
Eating Lower on the Food Chain 228
11.7 Genetically Modified Food: Biotechnology,
Farming, and Environment 228
New Hybrids 229
The Terminator Gene 229
Transfer of Genes from One Major Form of Life to Another 229
11.8 Aquaculture 230
Some Negatives 231
CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE WILL THERE BE
ENOUGH WATER TO PRODUCE FOOD FOR
A GROWING POPULATION? 231
Summary 232
Reexamining Themes and Issues 233
Key Terms 234
Study Questions 234
Further Reading 234
Chapter 12
Landscapes: Forests, Parks
and Wilderness 235
CASE STUDY Jamaica Bay National Wildlife Refuge:
Nature and the Big City 236
12.1 Forests and Forestry 237
How People Have Viewed Forests 237
Forestry 238
Modern Conflicts over Forestland and Forest Resources 238
World Forest Area and Global Production and Consumption of
Forest Resources 239
How Forests Affect the Whole Earth 241
The Ecology of Forests 243
A CLOSER LOOK 12.1 The Life of a Tree 243
Forest Management 244
Can We Achieve Sustainable Forestry? 246
Deforestation 247
12.2 Parks, Nature Preserves, and Wilderness 248
What’s the Difference between a Park and
a Nature Preserve? 249
A CLOSER LOOK 12.2 A Brief History of Parks Explains Why
Parks Have Been Established 250
Conflicts Relating to Parks 251
12.3 Conserving Wilderness 252
What It Is, and Why It Is of Growing Importance 252
Conflicts in Managing Wilderness 253
CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE CAN TROPICAL FORESTS
SURVIVE IN BITS AND PIECES? 254
Summary 254
Reexamining Themes and Issues 255
Key Terms 256
Study Questions 256
Further Reading 256