Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

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468 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution - - - - - global dimming 0.01 Greatest lung damage Tobacco smoke Oil smoke Automobile exhaust SO 2 mist Very fine particulates Sea salt particles 0.1 Cement dust Coal dust Fly ash Fog Suspended asbestos Ground stone Pollen 1 10 100 Particle size (m) Rain Human hair Beach sand 1,000 10,000 FIGURE 21.4 Sizes of selected particulates. The shaded area shows the size range that produces the greatest lung damage. (Source: Modified from Fig. 7–8, p. 244 in Chemistry, Man and Environmental Change: An Integrated Approach, by J. Calvin Giddings. Copyright © 1973 by J. Calvin Giddings. Reprinted by permission of Harper Collins Publishers, Inc.). Lead - - - - - )
21.1 Air Pollution in the Lower Atmosphere 469 A CLOSER LOOK 21.1 Acid Rain Acid rain 2 - x Increasing acidity Neutral Increasing alkalinity 0.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Battery acid Lemon juice Vinegar Milk Baking soda sea water Milk of Magnesia Ammonia Lye Acid Adult rain fish die Fish reproduction affected Normal range precipitation Normal range of stream water FIGURE 21.5 The pH scale shows the levels of acidity in various fluids. The scale ranges from less than 1 to 14, with 7 being neutral: pHs lower than 7 are acidic; pHs greater than 7 are alkaline (basic). Acid rain can be very acidic and harmful to the environment. (Source: http:/ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/phdiagram.html. Accessed August 12, 2005.) - Causes of Acid Rain 2 2 x Sensitivity to Acid Rain 3
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Earth as a Li
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VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLIS
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About the Authors Daniel B. Botkin
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Preface vii Themes Our book is base
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Preface ix Updated Critical Thinkin
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Acknowledgments Reviewers of This E
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Acknowledgments xiii Karen Swanson,
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Contents Chapter 1 Key Themes in En
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xviii Contents Summary 125 Reexamin
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xx Contents Chapter 13 Wildlife, Fi
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xxii Contents CRITICAL THINKING ISS
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xxiv Contents Availability and Use
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2 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environme
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10 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environm
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over 4 million in 1950. In 1999 Tok
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CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Knowi
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24 CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Kn
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42 CHAPTER 3 The Big Picture: Syste
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60 CHAPTER 4 The Human Population a
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CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts and
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82 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts a
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100 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
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102 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
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CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cycles
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106 CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cy
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128 CHAPTER 7 Dollars and Environme
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144 CHAPTER 8 Biological Diversity
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170 CHAPTER 9 Ecological Restoratio
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186 CHAPTER 10 Environmental Health
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212 CHAPTER 11 Agriculture, Aquacul
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236 CHAPTER 12 Landscapes: Forests,
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258 CHAPTER 13 Wildlife, Fisheries,
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CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics LEAR
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288 CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics
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304 CHAPTER 15 Fossil Fuels and the
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CHAPTER 16 Alternative Energy and t
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328 CHAPTER 16 Alternative Energy a
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346 CHAPTER 17 Nuclear Energy and t
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CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, and M
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370 CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, a
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CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and Trea
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400 CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and
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Page 492 and 493: 466 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Table
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Page 524 and 525: 498 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments C
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518 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments S
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520 CHAPTER 23 Materials Management
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552 CHAPTER 24 Our Environmental Fu
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Appendix A Special Feature: Electro
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Appendix A-3 VOLUME in 3 ft 3 yd 3
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Appendix A-5 Basic Chemistry
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Photo Credits CHAPTER 1 Ch Op 1: Im
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Glossary Abortion rate The estimate
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Glossary G-3 deposition of crustal
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Glossary G-5 high and the growth ra
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Glossary G-7 environmental impacts
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Glossary G-9 per unit time and some
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Glossary G-11 cooler than it is tod
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Glossary G-13 Nonpoint sources Poll
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Glossary G-15 Positive feedback A t
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Glossary G-17 Shelterwood cutting A
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Glossary G-19 Time series The set o
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Index Entries followed by an f may
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INDEX I-3 Sweetwater Marsh National
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INDEX I-5 dune succession, 96, 96f
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INDEX I-7 Colorado River, 114, 115f
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INDEX I-9 Lovelock, James, 10, 108
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INDEX I-11 Pelagic ecosystem, 85, 8
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INDEX I-13 Static systems, 44, 44f
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INDEX I-15 Watts, 291, 292t Weather
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N-2 NOTES 7. Schmidt, W.E. 1991 (Se
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N-4 NOTES 4. Christian, D. 2004. Ma
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N-6 NOTES 9. Collins, S.L., A.K. Kn
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N-8 NOTES 8. U.S. Department of Agr
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N-10 NOTES 19. O’Donnell, James J
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N-12 NOTES 19. Piore, 2002 (April 1
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N-14 NOTES application of secondary
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N-16 NOTES 22. Foukal, P., C. Frohl
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N-18 NOTES 54. Zummo, S.M., and M.H
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N-20 NOTES 38. Bullard, R.D. 1990.
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