Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

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342 CHAPTER 16 Alternative Energy and the Environment MA Cape Cod Monomoy Island Nantucket Sound Martha’s Vinyard Chappaquiddick Island Nantucket Gravel Gravelly sediment Sand Sandy silt, clayey silt, or mud Sandy or silty clay Silty or clayey sand Sand silt clay Silt Clay Bedrock FIGURE 16.17 Map of Nantucket Sound. - 39 Critical Thinking Questions - SUMMARY
Reexamining Themes and Issues 343 utility companies are using wind power as part of energy production or as part of long-term energy planning. Environmental impacts of wind installations include loss of land, killing of birds, and degradation of scenery. Biofuels are of three kinds: firewood, wastes, and crops grown to produce fuels. Firewood has been important historically and will remain so in many developing nations and many rural parts of developed nations. Burning wastes is a good way to dispose of them, and their energy is a useful by-product. Crops grown solely as biofuels appear to be a net energy sink or of only marginal benefit, at considerable environmental costs, including competition for land, water, and fertilizers, and the use of artificial pesticides. At present they are not a good option. Geothermal energy, natural heat from Earth’s interior, can be used as an energy source. The environmental effects of developing geothermal energy relate to specific site conditions and the type of heat—steam, hot water, or warm water. Environmental impacts may involve onsite noise, industrial scars, emission of gas, and disposal of saline or corrosive waters. REEXAMINING THEMES AND ISSUES Human Population Sustainability Global Perspective Urban World People and Nature Science and Values As the human population continues to increase, so does global demand for energy. Environmental problems from increased use of fossil fuels could be minimized by controlling population growth, increasing conservation efforts, and using alternative, renewable energy sources that do not harm the environment. Use of fossil fuels is not sustainable. To plan for energy sustainability, we need to rely more on alternative energy sources that are naturally renewable and do not damage the environment. To do otherwise is antithetical to the concept of sustainability. To evaluate the potential of alternative energy sources, we need to understand global Earth systems and identify regions likely to produce highquality alternative energy that could be used in urban regions of the world. Alternative renewable energy sources have a future in our urban environments. For example, the roofs of buildings can be used for passive solar collectors or photovoltaic systems. Patterns of energy consumption can be regulated through use of innovative systems such as pump storage to augment production of electrical energy when demand is high in urban areas. Many environmentalists perceive alternative energy sources, such as solar and wind, as being linked more closely with nature than are fossil fuels, nuclear energy, or even water power. This is because solar and wind energy development requires less human modification of the environment. Solar and wind energy allow us to live more in harmony with the environment, and thus we feel more connected to the natural world. We are seriously considering alternative energy today because we value environmental quality and energy independence and want to plan for a future when we run out of fossil fuels. Recognizing that burning fossil fuels creates many serious environmental problems and that petroleum will soon become less available, we are trying to increase our scientific knowledge and improve our technology to meet our energy needs for the future while minimizing environmental damage. Our present science and technology can lead to a sustainable energy future, but we will need to change our values and our behavior to achieve it.
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Earth as a Li
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VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLIS
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About the Authors Daniel B. Botkin
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Preface vii Themes Our book is base
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Preface ix Updated Critical Thinkin
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Acknowledgments Reviewers of This E
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Acknowledgments xiii Karen Swanson,
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Contents Chapter 1 Key Themes in En
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xviii Contents Summary 125 Reexamin
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xx Contents Chapter 13 Wildlife, Fi
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xxii Contents CRITICAL THINKING ISS
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xxiv Contents Availability and Use
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2 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environme
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10 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environm
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over 4 million in 1950. In 1999 Tok
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CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Knowi
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24 CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Kn
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42 CHAPTER 3 The Big Picture: Syste
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60 CHAPTER 4 The Human Population a
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CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts and
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82 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts a
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100 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
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102 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
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CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cycles
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106 CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cy
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128 CHAPTER 7 Dollars and Environme
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144 CHAPTER 8 Biological Diversity
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170 CHAPTER 9 Ecological Restoratio
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186 CHAPTER 10 Environmental Health
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212 CHAPTER 11 Agriculture, Aquacul
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236 CHAPTER 12 Landscapes: Forests,
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258 CHAPTER 13 Wildlife, Fisheries,
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CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics LEAR
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288 CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics
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290 CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics
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392 CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, a
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CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and Trea
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400 CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and
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CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Climate,
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430 CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Clim
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462 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution CASE S
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464 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution
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466 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Table
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470 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Air po
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472 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Mercur
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474 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution (a) FI
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478 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution The ga
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490 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution chimn
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494 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution SUMMAR
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496 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution STUDY
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498 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments C
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500 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments I
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502 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments o
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504 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments K
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506 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments 2
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508 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments A
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510 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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512 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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518 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments S
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520 CHAPTER 23 Materials Management
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552 CHAPTER 24 Our Environmental Fu
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Appendix A Special Feature: Electro
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Appendix A-3 VOLUME in 3 ft 3 yd 3
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Appendix A-5 Basic Chemistry
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Photo Credits CHAPTER 1 Ch Op 1: Im
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Glossary Abortion rate The estimate
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Glossary G-3 deposition of crustal
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Glossary G-5 high and the growth ra
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Glossary G-7 environmental impacts
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Glossary G-9 per unit time and some
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Glossary G-11 cooler than it is tod
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Glossary G-13 Nonpoint sources Poll
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Glossary G-15 Positive feedback A t
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Glossary G-17 Shelterwood cutting A
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Glossary G-19 Time series The set o
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Index Entries followed by an f may
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INDEX I-3 Sweetwater Marsh National
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INDEX I-5 dune succession, 96, 96f
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INDEX I-7 Colorado River, 114, 115f
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INDEX I-9 Lovelock, James, 10, 108
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INDEX I-11 Pelagic ecosystem, 85, 8
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INDEX I-13 Static systems, 44, 44f
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INDEX I-15 Watts, 291, 292t Weather
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N-2 NOTES 7. Schmidt, W.E. 1991 (Se
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N-4 NOTES 4. Christian, D. 2004. Ma
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N-6 NOTES 9. Collins, S.L., A.K. Kn
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N-8 NOTES 8. U.S. Department of Agr
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N-10 NOTES 19. O’Donnell, James J
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N-12 NOTES 19. Piore, 2002 (April 1
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N-14 NOTES application of secondary
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N-16 NOTES 22. Foukal, P., C. Frohl
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N-18 NOTES 54. Zummo, S.M., and M.H
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N-20 NOTES 38. Bullard, R.D. 1990.
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