Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

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Contents
Summary 125
Reexamining Themes and Issues 125
Key Terms 126
Study Questions 126
Further Reading 126
Chapter 7
Dollars and Environmental
Sense: Economics of
Environmental Issues 127
CASE STUDY Cap, Trade, and Carbon Dioxide 128
7.1 Overview of Environmental Economics 129
7.2 Public-Service Functions of Nature 130
7.3 The Environment as a Commons 130
7.4 Low Growth Rate and Therefore Low Profit as a
Factor in Exploitation 132
Scarcity Affects Economic Value 133
7.5 Externalities 133
7.6 Valuing the Beauty of Nature 134
7.7 How Is the Future Valued? 135
7.8 Risk-Benefit Analysis 136
CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE GEORGES BANK: HOW CAN
U.S. FISHERIES BE MADE SUSTAINABLE? 139
Summary 140
Reexamining Themes and Issues 140
Key Terms 141
Study Questions 141
Further Reading 142
Chapter 8
Biological Diversity and
Biological Invasions 143
CASE STUDY Citrus Greening 144
8.1 What Is Biological Diversity? 145
Why Do People Value Biodiversity? 145
8.2 Biological Diversity Basics 146
The Number of Species on Earth 147
8.3 Biological Evolution 149
The Four Key Processes of Biological Evolution 149
A CLOSER LOOK 8.1 Natural Selection: Mosquitoes and the
Malaria Parasite 151
Biological Evolution as a Strange Kind of Game 154
8.4 Competition and Ecological Niches 154
The Competitive Exclusion Principle 154
Niches: How Species Coexist 155
Measuring Niches 156
8.5 Symbiosis 157
A Broader View of Symbiosis 158
A Practical Implication 158
8.6 Predation and Parasitism 158
A Practical Implication 158
8.7 How Geography and Geology Affect
Biological Diversity 158
Wallace’s Realms: Biotic Provinces 159
Biomes 161
Convergent and Divergent Evolution 162
8.8 Invasions, Invasive Species, and
Island Biogeography 164
Biogeography and People 165
CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE POLAR BEARS AND THE
REASONS PEOPLE VALUE BIODIVERSITY 166
Summary 166
Reexamining Themes and Issues 167
Key Terms 168
Study Questions 168
Further Reading 168
Chapter 9
Ecological Restoration 169
CASE STUDY THE FLORIDA EVERGLADES 170
9.1 What Is Ecological Restoration? 171
9.2 Goal of Restoration: What Is “Natural”? 172
9.3 What Is Usually Restored? 173
Rivers, Streams, and Wetlands Restoration:
Some Examples 173
Prairie Restoration 176
A CLOSER LOOK 9.1 Island Fox on Santa Cruz Island 178
9.4 Applying Ecological Knowledge to Restore Heavily
Damaged Lands and Ecosystems 180
9.5 Criteria Used to Judge the Success
of Restoration 180
CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE HOW CAN WE EVALUATE
CONSTRUCTED ECOSYSTEMS? 181
Summary 182
Reexamining Themes and Issues 183
Key Terms 183
Study Questions 184
Further Reading 184
Chapter 10
Environmental Health, Pollution,
and Toxicology 185
CASE STUDY Toxic Air Pollution and Human Health: Story
of a Southeast Houston Neighborhood 186
10.1 Some Basics 187
Terminology 188
Measuring the Amount of Pollution 189
10.2 Categories of Pollutants 189
Infectious Agents 189
A CLOSER LOOK 10.1 Sudbury Smelters: A Point Source 189