Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

Contents xxiii
Agricultural Productivity 455
Human Health Effects 456
20.14 Adjusting to Potential Global Warming 456
International Agreements to Mitigate Global Warming 456
CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE WHAT IS VALID SCIENCE IN
THE GLOBAL WARMING DEBATE? 457
Summary 458
Reexamining Themes and Issues 459
Key Terms 459
Study Questions 460
Further Reading 460
Chapter 21
Air Pollution 461
CASE STUDY Sustainable Skylines: Dallas and
Kansas City 462
21.1 Air Pollution in the Lower Atmosphere 462
A Brief Overview 462
Stationary and Mobile Sources of Air Pollution 463
General Effects of Air Pollution 463
The Major Air Pollutants 464
Criteria Pollutants 465
A CLOSER LOOK 21.1 Acid Rain 469
Air Toxics 471
Variability of Air Pollution 472
Urban Air Pollution: Chemical and
Atmospheric Processes 473
Future Trends for Urban Air Pollution 476
Developing Countries 476
21.2 Controlling Common Pollutants of the
Lower Atmosphere 477
Particulates 477
Automobiles 477
Sulfur Dioxide 477
Air Pollution Legislation and Standards 478
The Cost of Controlling Outdoor Air Pollution 479
21.3 High-Altitude (Stratospheric) Ozone Depletion 481
Ultraviolet Radiation and Ozone 481
Measuring Stratospheric Ozone 482
Ozone Depletion and CFCs 483
Simplified Stratospheric Chlorine Chemistry 483
The Antarctic Ozone Hole 484
Polar Stratospheric Clouds 484
Environmental Effects of Ozone Depletion 484
The Future of Ozone Depletion 486
21.4 Indoor Air Pollution 486
Sources of Indoor Air Pollution 487
Pathways, Processes, and Driving Forces 489
Symptoms of Indoor Air Pollution 491
21.5 Controlling Indoor Air Pollution 491
Making Homes and Other Buildings Radon Resistant 493
Design Buildings to Minimize Indoor Air Pollution 493
CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE SHOULD CARBON DIOXIDE
BE REGULATED ALONG WITH OTHER MAJOR
AIR POLLUTANTS? 493
Summary 494
Reexamining Themes and Issues 494
Key Terms 495
Study Questions 496
Further Reading 496
Chapter 22
Urban Environments 497
CASE STUDY New York’s High Line Park in the Sky 498
22.1 City Life 499
22.2 The City as a System 499
22.3 The Location of Cities: Site and Situation 500
The Importance of Site and Situation 500
A CLOSER LOOK 22.1 Should We Try to Restore
New Orleans? 503
Site Modification 504
22.4 An Environmental History of Cities 505
The Rise of Towns 505
The Urban Center 505
The Industrial Metropolis 505
The Center of Civilization 505
22.5 City Planning and the Environment 506
City Planning for Defense and Beauty 506
The City Park 506
A CLOSER LOOK 22.2 A Brief History of City Planning 508
22.6 The City as an Environment 508
The Energy Budget of a City 508
The Urban Atmosphere and Climate 509
Solar Energy in Cities 509
Water in the Urban Environment 509
Soils in the City 510
Pollution in the City 510
22.7 Bringing Nature to the City 511
Cities and Their Rivers 511
A CLOSER LOOK 22.3 Design with Nature 511
Vegetation in Cities 512
Urban “Wilds”: The City as Habitat for Wildlife and
Endangered Species 513
Animal Pests 514
CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE HOW CAN URBAN SPRAWL
BE CONTROLLED? 516
Summary 516
Reexamining Themes and Issues 517
Key Terms 518
Study Questions 518
Further Reading 518
CHAPTER 23
Materials Management 519
CASE STUDY Treasures of the Cell Phone 520
23.1 The Importance of Resources to Society 521
23.2 Materials Management: What It Is 522
23.3 Mineral Resources 523
How Mineral Deposits Are Formed 523
23.4 Figuring Out How Much Is Left 524
Mineral Resources and Reserves 524