Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

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Contents
Chapter 13
Wildlife, Fisheries, and
Endangered Species 257
CASE STUDY Stories Told by the Grizzly Bear and
the Bison 258
13.1 Traditional Single-Species
Wildlife Management 260
Carrying Capacity and Sustainable Yields 260
An Example of Problems with the Logistic Curve 262
13.2 Improved Approaches to Wildlife Management 263
Time Series and Historical Range of Variation 263
Age Structure as Useful Information 264
Harvests as an Estimate of Numbers 264
13.3 Fisheries 265
The Decline of Fish Populations 267
Can Fishing Ever Be Sustainable? 269
A CLOSER LOOK 13.1 King Salmon Fishing Season Canceled:
Can We Save Them from Extinction? 269
13.4 Endangered Species: Current Status 271
A CLOSER LOOK 13.2 Reasons for Conserving Endangered
Species—and All Life on Earth 272
13.5 How a Species Becomes Endangered
and Extinct 274
Causes of Extinction 275
13.6 The Good News: We Have Improved the Status of
Some Species 276
A CLOSER LOOK 13.3 Conservation of Whales and Other
Marine Mammals 277
13.7 Can a Species Be Too Abundant? If So,
What to Do? 279
13.8 How People Cause Extinctions and Affect
Biological Diversity 279
13.9 Ecological Islands and Endangered Species 280
13.10 Using Spatial Relationships to Conserve
Endangered Species 281
CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE SHOULD WOLVES BE
REESTABLISHED IN THE ADIRONDACK PARK? 281
Summary 282
Reexamining Themes and Issues 283
Key Terms 284
Study Questions 284
Further Reading 285
Chapter 14
Energy: Some Basics 286
CASE STUDY National Energy Policy: From
Coast-to-Coast Energy Crisis to Promoting
Energy Independence 287
14.1 Outlook for Energy 288
Energy Crises in Ancient Greece and Rome 288
Energy Today and Tomorrow 288
14.2 Energy Basics 289
14.3 Energy Efficiency 290
A CLOSER LOOK 14.1 Energy Units 291
14.4 Energy Sources and Consumption 293
Fossil Fuels and Alternative Energy Sources 293
14.5 Energy Conservation, Increased Efficiency,
and Cogeneration 294
Building Design 295
Industrial Energy 296
Values, Choices, and Energy Conservation 296
14.6 Sustainable-Energy Policy 297
Energy for Tomorrow 297
A CLOSER LOOK 14.2 Micropower 299
CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE USE OF ENERGY TODAY
AND IN 2030 300
Summary 301
Reexamining Themes and Issues 301
Key Terms 302
Study Questions 302
Further Reading 302
Chapter 15
Fossil Fuels and
the Environment 303
CASE STUDY Peak Oil: Are We Ready for It? 304
15.1 Fossil Fuels 305
15.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas 306
Petroleum Production 306
Oil in the 21st Century 308
Natural Gas 309
Coal-Bed Methane 309
Methane Hydrates 310
The Environmental Effects of Oil and Natural Gas 311
A CLOSER LOOK 15.1 The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge:
To Drill or Not to Drill 312
15.3 Coal 314
Coal Mining and the Environment 316
Mountaintop Removal 317
A CLOSER LOOK 15.2 The Trapper Mine 318
Underground Mining 319
Transporting Coal 319
The Future of Coal 320
15.4 Oil Shale and Tar Sands 321
Oil Shale 321
Tar Sands 322
CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE WHAT WILL BE THE
CONSEQUENCES OF PEAK OIL? 323
Summary 324
Reexamining Themes and Issues 324
Key Terms 325
Study Questions 325
Further Reading 325