Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

Index
Entries followed by an f may be found in
figures, those followed by a t may be found in
tables.
A
Abandoned mines, 409–410
Abundance, population, 62
Abundance of life, 90–93
Acacia trees, 159
Acciona solar thermal power plant, Las Vegas,
Nevada, 332f
Accuracy, measurement, 32–34
Acid mine drainage, 316–317, 316f, 409–410,
409f
Acid rain, 469–471, 469f
causes of, 469
control of, 471
forest ecosystems and, 470
formation and paths of, 470f
human society and, 471
lake ecosystems and, 470–471
sensitivity to, 469–470
stone decay and, 471
Acrolein, 472
Activated sludge, 416
Active decompensation zone, 404
Active solar energy, 329–331. See also Solar
energy
Acute disease, 72
Acute effects, pollutants, 205
Adaptive management, 172
Adaptive radiation, 152
Adirondack Park, New York, 281–282
Advanced Boiling Water Reactor, 364
Advanced wastewater treatment, 415, 417
Aesthetic degradation, offshore oil drilling
platforms and, 311
Aesthetic justifications, environment and, 15
Africa
contraceptive devices and, 75
famine in, 6
Masai Mara Game Reserve, 280
social disruptions and, 216
vegetation comparison and, 159
Agassiz, Louis, 445
Age-specific birth rate, 63t
Age structure, population, 62, 67–69, 69f
Agriculture
agricultural runoff, 390
biofuels and, 338–339
controlling pests and, 224–227
crops, 218, 218f
ecological perspective on, 213–214
farmland area and, 227
feeding world and, 214–217
food chain and, 228
future of, 227–228
genetically modified food, 228–230
global warming and, 455–456
increased production per acre, 227
irrigation and, 228
livestock and, 218–221
new crops and hybrids and, 227–228
organic farming and, 228
plowing and, 214, 214f
small-grain production and, 218, 219f
soils and, 221–224
water requirements and, 231–232, 231t,
380, 382f
world land use, 215, 215f, 215t
Agroecosystems, 213–214, 213f
Air-conditioning systems, indoor air pollution
and, 490
Air pollution. See also Indoor air pollution
acid rain and, 469–471, 469f
air toxics and, 471–472
atmospheric inversion and, 474–475,
474f
automobiles and, 477
carbon monoxide and, 466
chemical and atmospheric processes and,
473–476
controlling lower atmosphere pollutants,
477–481
cost of controlling, 479–481
criteria pollutants and, 465–468, 466t
developing countries and, 476–477
externalities and, 133–134
future trends and, 476m 476f
general effects of, 463–464
haze from afar, 473
high-altitude ozone depletion and,
481–486
human death rates and, 463–464
human health and, 464, 464f
lead and, 468
legislation/standards and, 478–479
major pollutants, 465t
nitrogen oxides and, 465–466
oil and natural gas recovery and, 311
overview of, 462
ozone and, 466–467
particulate matter and, 467–468, 468f,
477
photochemical oxidants and,
466–467
primary pollutants and, 464–465
secondary pollutants and, 464–465
soil and water toxicity and, 464
stationary and mobile sources of, 463
sulfur dioxide and, 465, 477–478
synergistic effects and, 464
variability of, 472–473
vegetation and, 463
wind velocity and, 475m 475f
Air Quality Index (AQI), 479, 480f
Air toxics
acrolein, 472
benzene, 472
hydrogen fluoride, 471
hydrogen sulfide, 471
mercury, 472
methyl isocyanate, 472
volatile organic compounds, 472
Alaska
Cook Inlet, 311f
Cooper Island, 455f
Wrangell-St. Elias Wilderness Area, 253,
253f
Albatross, 544f
Albedo effects, 447
Aldrin, 194t, 225
Alexandria, Virginia, 509, 510f
Alfalfa, 218
Algae, 339t
Algeria, Sahara Desert and, 311f
Alligators, pesticides and, 196
Allowance trading, 321
Allwine Prairie, Nebraska, 176–177
Alpha particles, 350–351, 351f
Alternative energy sources, 293–294
biofuels, 338–339
fuel cells, 333–334, 333f
geothermal energy, 339–342
nonrenewable alternative energy, 327
ocean energy and, 335–336, 335f
renewable energy, 327–328
routes of, 328f
solar energy, 328–332
water power, 334–335
wind power, 336–338
Amaranth, 227
Ambient air quality standards, 478–479, 479t
Ambroseli National Reserve, Kenya, 2–4,
2f–4f
America Clean Energy and Security Act of
2009, 287
American Bison, 17f, 177–178, 259–260,
259f
American gray squirrel, 154–155, 155f
Amu Darya River, 232
Anaerobic cells, 110
Animal pests, urban environments and,
514–515
Animal residues, energy uses of, 339t
Animal species number, 148t
Anopheles mosquitos, 151–152, 151f
Antarctic, ozone depletion over, 482–484
Antarctica, 131, 131f, 563, 564f
Anthrax, 190
Antisocial behavior, lead toxicity and, 207,
207f
Appalachian Mountains, 317, 319f, 470
Aquaculture, 230–231, 230f
Aquifer, 372
Aral Sea, 232, 377, 377f, 378f
Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, Texas, 263
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 312–314,
312f, 313f
Arctic sea ice, 131, 131f, 454–455
Area sources, air pollution and, 463, 463f
Arizona
Black Mesa Mine, 317
Grand Canyon, 159, 159f
Phoenix, 419, 419f
Tucson, 513, 513f
I-1