Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

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126 CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cycles Urban World People and Nature Science and Values Our society has concentrated the use of resources in urban regions. As a result, the release of various chemicals into the biosphere, soil, water, and atmosphere is often greater in urban centers, resulting in biogeochemical cycles that cause pollution problems. Humans, like other animals, are linked to natural processes and nature in complex ways. We change ecosystems through land-use changes and the burning of fossil fuels, both of which change biogeochemical cycles, especially the carbon cycle that anchors life and affects Earth’s climate. Our understanding of biogeochemical cycles is far from complete. There are large uncertainties in the measurement of fluxes of chemical elements—nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and others. We are studying biogeochemical cycles because understanding them will help us to solve environmental problems. Which problems we address first will reflect the values of our society. KEY TERMS biogeochemical cycle 112 biosphere 110 biota 118 carbon cycle 117 carbon–silicate cycle 119 denitrification 120 eukaryote 110 flow 112 flux 112 geologic cycle 113 hydrologic cycle 115 limiting factor 111 macronutrients 111 micronutrients 111 nitrogen cycle 120 nitrogen fixation 120 organelle 110 phosphorus cycle 121 plate tectonics 113 prokaryote 110 residence time 112 rock cycle 116 sink 112 source 112 tectonic cycle 113 thermodynamic equilibrium 108 STUDY QUESTIONS 1. Why is an understanding of biogeochemical cycles important in environmental science? Explain your answer, using two examples. 2. What are some of the general rules that govern biogeochemical cycles, especially the transfer of material? 3. Identify the major aspects of the carbon cycle and the environmental concerns associated with it. 4. What are the differences in the geochemical cycles for phosphorus and nitrogen, and why are the differences important in environmental science? 5. What are the major ways that people have altered biogeochemical cycles? 6. If all life ceased on Earth, how quickly would the atmosphere become like that of Venus and Mars? Explain. FURTHER READING Lane, Nick, Oxygen: The Molecule That Made the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009). Lovelock, J., The Ages of Gaia: A Biography of the Earth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995). Schlesinger, W.H., Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change, 2nd ed. (San Diego: Academic Press, 1997). This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the chemical reactions on land, in the oceans, and in the atmosphere of Earth.
CHAPTER 7 Dollars and Environmental Sense: Economics of Environmental Issues LEARNING OBJECTIVES Why do people value environmental resources? To what extent are environmental decisions based on economics? Other chapters in this text explain the causes of environmental problems and discuss technical solutions. The scientific solutions, however, are only part of the answer. This chapter introduces some basic concepts of environmental economics and shows how these concepts help us understand environmental issues. After reading this chapter, you should understand . . . A New England common illustrates the tragedy of the Commons, one of the key ideas of Environmental Economics. How the perceived future value of an environmental benefit affects our willingness to pay for it now; What “externalities” are and why they matter; How much risk we should be willing to accept for the environment and ourselves; How we can place a value on environmental intangibles, such as landscape beauty. People around the world are wearing masks to protect themselves against swine flu. (Source: http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/ nation-world/ny-swineflu-photos,0,859331. photogallery [Getty Images Photo / May 2, 2009].)
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Earth as a Li
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VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLIS
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About the Authors Daniel B. Botkin
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Preface vii Themes Our book is base
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Preface ix Updated Critical Thinkin
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Acknowledgments Reviewers of This E
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Acknowledgments xiii Karen Swanson,
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Contents Chapter 1 Key Themes in En
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xviii Contents Summary 125 Reexamin
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xx Contents Chapter 13 Wildlife, Fi
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xxii Contents CRITICAL THINKING ISS
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xxiv Contents Availability and Use
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2 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environme
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10 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environm
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over 4 million in 1950. In 1999 Tok
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CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Knowi
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24 CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Kn
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42 CHAPTER 3 The Big Picture: Syste
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60 CHAPTER 4 The Human Population a
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176 CHAPTER 9 Ecological Restoratio
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186 CHAPTER 10 Environmental Health
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212 CHAPTER 11 Agriculture, Aquacul
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236 CHAPTER 12 Landscapes: Forests,
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258 CHAPTER 13 Wildlife, Fisheries,
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CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics LEAR
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288 CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics
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304 CHAPTER 15 Fossil Fuels and the
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CHAPTER 16 Alternative Energy and t
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328 CHAPTER 16 Alternative Energy a
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346 CHAPTER 17 Nuclear Energy and t
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CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, and M
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370 CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, a
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CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and Trea
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400 CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and
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CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Climate,
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430 CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Clim
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462 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution CASE S
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464 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution
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466 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Table
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470 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Air po
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472 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Mercur
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474 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution (a) FI
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478 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution The ga
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490 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution chimn
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494 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution SUMMAR
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496 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution STUDY
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498 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments C
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500 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments I
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502 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments o
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504 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments K
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506 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments 2
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508 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments A
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510 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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512 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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518 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments S
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520 CHAPTER 23 Materials Management
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552 CHAPTER 24 Our Environmental Fu
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Appendix A Special Feature: Electro
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Appendix A-3 VOLUME in 3 ft 3 yd 3
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Appendix A-5 Basic Chemistry
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Photo Credits CHAPTER 1 Ch Op 1: Im
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Glossary Abortion rate The estimate
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Glossary G-3 deposition of crustal
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Glossary G-5 high and the growth ra
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Glossary G-7 environmental impacts
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Glossary G-9 per unit time and some
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Glossary G-11 cooler than it is tod
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Glossary G-13 Nonpoint sources Poll
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Glossary G-15 Positive feedback A t
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Glossary G-17 Shelterwood cutting A
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Glossary G-19 Time series The set o
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Index Entries followed by an f may
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INDEX I-3 Sweetwater Marsh National
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INDEX I-5 dune succession, 96, 96f
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INDEX I-7 Colorado River, 114, 115f
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INDEX I-9 Lovelock, James, 10, 108
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INDEX I-11 Pelagic ecosystem, 85, 8
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INDEX I-13 Static systems, 44, 44f
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INDEX I-15 Watts, 291, 292t Weather
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N-2 NOTES 7. Schmidt, W.E. 1991 (Se
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N-4 NOTES 4. Christian, D. 2004. Ma
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N-6 NOTES 9. Collins, S.L., A.K. Kn
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N-8 NOTES 8. U.S. Department of Agr
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N-10 NOTES 19. O’Donnell, James J
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N-12 NOTES 19. Piore, 2002 (April 1
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N-14 NOTES application of secondary
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N-16 NOTES 22. Foukal, P., C. Frohl
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N-18 NOTES 54. Zummo, S.M., and M.H
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N-20 NOTES 38. Bullard, R.D. 1990.
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