Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

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I-14 INDEX United States coal reserves and, 314–315, 315f, 316t death rates and, 72, 72f demographic transition and, 76 desalination and, 376 droughts and, 375 energy consumption and, 294, 294f, 295f estimated solar energy and, 328, 328f future energy consumption needs and, 297 groundwater use and problems, 375–376 hydroelectric power and, 334 mineral resources and, 525 national parks in, 252 nuclear energy location and, 347, 348f nuclear fuel cycle and, 353–354, 353f phosphorous reserves and, 123 population (1790-2008), 62f precipitation and runoff patterns, 375 radioactive-waste management and, 362–363 stream ecosystems in, 421, 421f twenty-first century energy policy and, 298 water budget for, 374–375, 374f water supply and, 373–376 water usage trends and, 379–380, 379f wind energy and, 336, 336f Unity, landscape aesthetics and, 135 Uranium-235, 348, 349f, 353 Uranium-238 decay chain, 352f Uranium mines and mills, 353 Urban environments. See also Cities bringing nature to, 511–515 city as a system, 499–500, 500f city as an environment, 508–510 city life, 499 city planning and the environment, 506–507 environmental history of, 505 location of, 500–504, 502f made lands, 511 megacities, 499 pollution and, 510 site modification and, 504 soils, lead toxicity and, 207, 207f urban heat island profile, 509, 509f urban sprawl, 516 urban-water naturalization, 411, 411f urban world, 11–12, 11f waste, energy uses of, 339t U.S. Council on Environmental Quality, 263 U.S. Forest Service’s Roadless Area Review and Evaluation, 252 U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act, 81 U.S. Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, 187 U.S. Water Resources Council, 371 U.S. Wilderness Act, 252 Utah Bingham Canyon Copper Pit, 526f Wasatch Plateau, 309 Utilitarian justification, 15 Utilitarian species, 145 V Vadose zones, 372 Vale of Pewsey, England, 30, 30f Variable-water-source approach, 384, 385f Variables controlling, 27 dependent, 26–27 independent, 26–27 manipulated, 26–27 responding, 27 Vegetation affects of, 241–243, 242f air pollution and, 463 carbon stored in, 33, 33t cities and, 512–513 Venetz-Sitten, Ignaz, 445 Ventilation, indoor air pollution and, 490 Venus, 106–107, 107f Verhulst, P.F., 65 Vermiculite, 199 Victoria Park, Great Britain, 250 Vikings, 429–430 Virginia, Alexandria, 509, 510f Virtual water balances and transfers, 386, 387f Vividness, landscape aesthetics and, 135 Volatile organics, 472, 488t Volcanic eruptions, 199 Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota, 131–132, 132f, 251 W Wallace, Alfred, 160, 275 Wallace’s realm, 159–160, 161f Ward Valley, California, 360 Wasatch Plateau, Utah, 309 Washington Columbia River, 264 Elwha River Dam, 392 Mt. Baker, 452 Rockport, 409f Sandy River Dam, 392 Wasps, 226 Waste-disposal sites, groundwater pollution and, 412 Waste isolation pilot plant, 361, 361f Waste stream, 530 Wastewater chlorine treatment and, 417 land application of, 418–419 primary treatment and, 416 resource-recovery treatment plants and, 418f secondary treatment and, 416–417 septic-tank disposal systems and, 415, 415f treatment of, 414–417 treatment plants and, 415 wetlands and, 418–419 Water agricultural use and, 380, 382f characteristics of, 370 conservation of, 380–384 consumptive use of, 376 dams and, 390–393 desalination and, 376 dissolved oxygen content and, 404 domestic use and, 383 droughts and, 375 environment and, 385 food production requirements and, 231–232, 231t food supply and, 393–394 global perspective on, 370–371, 370t groundwater and streams, 372–373, 372f, 373f groundwater sustainability, 384 groundwater use and problems, 375–376 hydrologic cycle and, 370, 371f in-stream use, 376–377, 376f industry and manufacturing use and, 384 management of, 384 master plan for, 384–385 off-stream use, 376–377 precipitation and runoff patterns, 375 recycling of, 369 reuse of, 420, 420f sustainable water use, 384 toxicity, air pollution and, 464 transport of, 378–379 urban environment and, 509–510 U.S. water supply, 373–376 usage trends and, 379–380, 379f use of, 376–380 virtual water balances and transfers, 386, 387f water budget, 373–375, 374f, 374t water footprints, 387, 394–395 water table, 372 wetlands and, 387–390 Water pollution and treatment acid mine drainage and, 409–410, 409f biochemical oxygen demand and, 403–404, 404f domestic use water safety, 414 environmental law and, 421–422, 422t eutrophication and, 405–408, 406f externalities and, 133–134 groundwater pollution, 412–414, 412f land application of wastewater, 418–419 nutrients and, 405–408 oil and natural gas recovery and, 311 pig farms and, 423–424, 423f primary problems and, 400 sediment and, 408 sources and processes and, 400, 401t standards and, 401, 401t stream ecosystems and, 421, 421f surface-water pollution, 410–411, 410f, 411f wastewater treatment, 414–417 water pollutant categories, 403t water reuse, 420, 420f waterborne disease and, 404 Water power environment and, 335 hydroelectric power station components, 334f pump storage systems, 334f small-scale systems, 334–335 Water vapor, 435, 445 Waterborne disease, 404 Watersheds development and, 220–221, 220f, 221f ecosystems and, 88 forested, 242f hydrologic cycle and, 116
INDEX I-15 Watts, 291, 292t Weather, 431–433 Weathering, 524 West Nile virus, 60 West Virginia Appalachian Mountains, 317, 319f sulfur dioxide and, 478 Wet cooling towers, 198–199, 198f Wetlands, 387–390 constructed, 419, 419f natural service functions of, 388–389 restoration of, 170–171, 170f, 176, 389–390 types of, 387, 388f wastewater and, 418–419 Whales conservation of, 277–279, 278f number estimates of, 278t oil from, 132–133 Whaling, 132–133, 133f Wheat, 218f Whooping crane, 263, 264f Wild leopard frogs, 196–197, 197f Wilderness areas conflicts in managing, 253–254 conservation of, 252–253 goals of, 249t growing importance of, 252 locations of, 252 natural vs. naturalistic, 252–253 Wildfires, 172 Wildlands Projects, 252, 561–562, 562f Wildlife age structure and, 264 carrying capacity and, 260–262 harvests and, 264–265 historical ranges and, 263–264 improved approaches to, 263–265 logistic curves and, 262–263, 262f pollutants effects on, 201, 201t sustainable yields and, 260–262 time series and, 263–264 traditional single-species, 260–262 urban environments and, 513–514 Wilson, E.O., 164 Wind power average wind speed, 336, 336f basics of, 336–337 concentration of, 336, 337f environment and, 337 future of, 338 new uses of, 327, 327f wind farms, 337 wind turbines, 341–342, 342f Wind velocity, air pollution and, 475, 475f Windmills, 336–337, 337f Wisconsin, Coon Creek, 222 Wolves, 95, 175–176, 175f, 176f, 281–282 Wood as energy source, 241 Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada, 263 Wood burning for heating, 131 Wood stoves, 131 Woodlands, Texas, 510, 511 Woodpecker finch, 28f Work, energy basics and, 289 World coal reserves, 315f World energy consumption, 305f World flu virus, 60 World food crisis, 212–213 World Meteorological Organization, 438 World population growth, pandemics and, 60–61, 61f World Wildlife Fund, 263 World Wind Energy Association, 338 Worldwatch Institute, 76, 564 Wrangell-St. Elias Wilderness Area, Alaska, 253, 253f Wyoming North Platte River, 196–197, 197f Powder River Basin, 309 strip mining in, 317f Y Yellow dragon disease, 144–145, 144f, 145f Yellowstone National Park, 50, 84–85, 84f, 85f, 175–176, 175f, 176f, 340 Yosemite National Park, California, 250, 250f Younger Diyas, 432 Yucca Mountain, Nevada, 362–363 Z Zero-emission coal-burning electric power plants, 320 Zero population growth age of first childbearing and, 74–75 birth control and, 74–75 national programs and, 75 Zero waste production, 530 Zimbawe, Matusadona National Park, 250 Zooplankton, 85
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Earth as a Li
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VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLIS
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About the Authors Daniel B. Botkin
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Preface vii Themes Our book is base
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Preface ix Updated Critical Thinkin
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Acknowledgments Reviewers of This E
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Acknowledgments xiii Karen Swanson,
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Contents Chapter 1 Key Themes in En
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xviii Contents Summary 125 Reexamin
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xx Contents Chapter 13 Wildlife, Fi
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xxii Contents CRITICAL THINKING ISS
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xxiv Contents Availability and Use
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2 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environme
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10 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environm
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over 4 million in 1950. In 1999 Tok
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CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Knowi
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24 CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Kn
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CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts and
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100 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
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102 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
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CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cycles
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106 CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cy
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128 CHAPTER 7 Dollars and Environme
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144 CHAPTER 8 Biological Diversity
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170 CHAPTER 9 Ecological Restoratio
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186 CHAPTER 10 Environmental Health
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212 CHAPTER 11 Agriculture, Aquacul
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236 CHAPTER 12 Landscapes: Forests,
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CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics LEAR
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288 CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics
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304 CHAPTER 15 Fossil Fuels and the
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CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, and M
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CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and Trea
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CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Climate,
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430 CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Clim
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462 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution CASE S
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464 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution
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466 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Table
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470 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Air po
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472 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Mercur
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474 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution (a) FI
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494 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution SUMMAR
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496 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution STUDY
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498 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments C
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500 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments I
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502 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments o
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504 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments K
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506 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments 2
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508 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments A
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510 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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512 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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518 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments S
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520 CHAPTER 23 Materials Management
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552 CHAPTER 24 Our Environmental Fu
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Page 586 and 587: 560 CHAPTER 24 Our Environmental Fu
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Page 597 and 598: Appendix A-3 VOLUME in 3 ft 3 yd 3
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Page 601 and 602: Photo Credits CHAPTER 1 Ch Op 1: Im
Page 603 and 604: Glossary Abortion rate The estimate
Page 605 and 606: Glossary G-3 deposition of crustal
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Page 623 and 624: Index Entries followed by an f may
Page 625 and 626: INDEX I-3 Sweetwater Marsh National
Page 627 and 628: INDEX I-5 dune succession, 96, 96f
Page 629 and 630: INDEX I-7 Colorado River, 114, 115f
Page 631 and 632: INDEX I-9 Lovelock, James, 10, 108
Page 633 and 634: INDEX I-11 Pelagic ecosystem, 85, 8
Page 635: INDEX I-13 Static systems, 44, 44f
Page 640 and 641: N-2 NOTES 7. Schmidt, W.E. 1991 (Se
Page 642 and 643: N-4 NOTES 4. Christian, D. 2004. Ma
Page 644 and 645: N-6 NOTES 9. Collins, S.L., A.K. Kn
Page 646 and 647: N-8 NOTES 8. U.S. Department of Agr
Page 648 and 649: N-10 NOTES 19. O’Donnell, James J
Page 650 and 651: N-12 NOTES 19. Piore, 2002 (April 1
Page 652 and 653: N-14 NOTES application of secondary
Page 654 and 655: N-16 NOTES 22. Foukal, P., C. Frohl
Page 656 and 657: N-18 NOTES 54. Zummo, S.M., and M.H
Page 658: N-20 NOTES 38. Bullard, R.D. 1990.
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