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I-10 INDEX Neutrino, 351 Nevada Acciona solar thermal power plant, 332f Las Vegas, 420, 420f, 472–473 Yucca Mountain, 362–363 New crops, 227–228 New Hampshire birch forests in, 89–90, 90f Hubbard Brook experimental forest, 245 Mount Washington, 89f New Mexico, Carlsbad, 361 New Orleans, Louisiana, 503–504, 504f New York Adirondack Park, 281–282 Catskill Mountains, 402, 402f Hudson River, 399–400, 511, 512f Indian Point Energy Center, 345f, 346 Long Island, 413–414, 413f Love Canal, 537–539 New York City apartment views and, 135, 135f Central Park, 506 clean water and, 402 High Line Park and, 498, 498f Jamaica Bay National Wildlife Refuge, 236–237, 236f, 237f water importation and, 378–379 water use and, 383 Niches, ecological, 155–157, 157f Nickel ore deposits, 189–190 Nitrogen fertilization and, 124, 124f, 223 fixation, 99, 120 tallgrass prairie ecosystem and, 178 water-pollution problems and, 405–408 Nitrogen-converting bacteria, 121 Nitrogen cycle, 120–121, 120f, 124 Nitrogen dioxide, 473, 488t Nitrogen oxides, 465–466, 477 Nitrous oxides, 444 Noise pollution, 200–201, 200t Nonlinear flows, 50 Nonpoint sources, pollution, 188, 410 Nonrenewable alternative energy, 327 Nonrenewable resources, 521 North Carolina Moncure, 212f pig farms and, 421–422, 422t North Dakota, prairie potholes and, 388f North Pacific Ocean circulation, 544f North Platte River, Wyoming, 196–197, 197f Noss, Reed, 561 Nuclear energy arguments against, 363 breeder reactors and, 363–364 conventional nuclear reactors, 348–349 current role of, 346–347 fuel cycle and, 353–354, 353f fusion reactors and, 364 future of, 363–364 leading nations using, 347t new kinds of fission reactors, 364 proponents of, 363 radiation doses and health, 358 radiation units and doses, 356–357 radioactive decay and, 350–352 radioactive-waste management, 360–363 radioisotopes and, 354–357 world use of, 347f worldwide location of, 347f Nuclear fission, 348 Nuclear fusion, 348 Nuclear meltdown, 348 Nuclear power plants accidents and, 358–360 construction of, 353 decommissioning of, 354 types of, 349f Nuclear power reactors components of, 350f lifetimes of, 354 spent fuel and, 353 waste disposal and, 353 Nuclear radiation, 198 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), 346 Nuclear steam-supply system, 348–349 Nuclear Waste Policy Act, 362 Nutrients, water pollution problems and, 405–408 O Objectivity, 35 Obligate symbionts, 158 Observations, 26 Oceans carbon cycle and, 117 climate change and, 448–449, 449f conveyor belt, 449, 449f dumping in, 543–545, 543f fishing and, 139 mineral resources and, 523 ocean energy, 335–336, 335f oceanic food chain, 85, 87f plastics discarded in, 544, 544f Off-stream use, water, 376–377 Off-the-grid photovoltaics, 331 Ogallala Aquifer, 375 Ohio, Cuyahoga River, 410, 411f Oil converting coal to, 320 embargoes and, 289 imports and exports of, 308t proven reserves, 306–307, 307f recovery of, 311, 311f refineries and, 312 seepage of, 105–106, 105f–106f, 311 twenty-first century and, 308–309 water pollution and, 408 Oil and gas traps, 306, 306f Oil Pollution Act, 408 Oil shale, 321–322 Oilseed crops, 212, 212f Oklahoma, Tar Creek, 316f, 409 Old-field succession, 98, 98f Old-growth forest, 244 Oligotrophic lakes, 406 Olmsted, Frederick Law, 15, 506–507 Omaha, Nebraska, 514 Omnivores, 86 Onsite disposal, solid-waste and, 532 Ontario, Sudbury, 189–190, 190f Open dumps, solid-waste and, 533, 533f Open-pit mines, 123f, 526 Open systems, 44–45 Operational definitions, 27 Optimum sustainable population, 261, 262, 279 Ore deposits, 523 Oregon H.J. Andrews experimental forest, 245 Klamath Falls, 346 Marmot Dam, 392, 393f Organelles, 110 Organic compounds, 193 Organic farming, 228 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 300 Oriental fruit moth, 226 Ostrich, 163f Outbreaks, waterborne disease, 404 Overabundance, species, 270 Overdraft, 375 Overfishing, 139 Overshoot, carrying capacity and, 53, 53f Oxygen, 108–110 Oyster farms, 230, 230f Ozone air pollution and, 466–467 chlorofluorocarbons and, 483 depletion of, 484–485 future and, 486 indoor air pollution and, 488t measuring stratospheric ozone, 482–483 ozone hole, 483 ozone shield, 481 ultraviolet radiation and, 481–482, 481f, 482f P Pacific decadal oscillation, 449 Pacific Estuarine Research Laboratory (PERL), 181 Packing-problem approach, human population, 74 Paclitaxel, 272 Pakistan, population policy and, 75 Palm Beach County, Florida, 369, 369f Palm plantations, 339 Pandemics, 60–61, 61f Parasitism, 158 Paris, France, 512f Parks, 248–252, 249t city, 506–507 conflicts relating to, 251–252 history of, 250 landscape percentage and, 252 nature preserves compared, 249 people and wildlife interactions and, 251 size, access, and activity types, 251 Particulate matter, air pollution and, 199, 199f, 467–468, 468f, 477 Parus major, 454, 454f Passive smokers, 490 Passive solar energy, 328–329, 329f, 509 Passive stability, nuclear cooling systems and, 363 Past observations, forecasting climate change and, 450 Pastures, 218 Peak oil, 304–305, 304f Pebble Reactor, 364
INDEX I-11 Pelagic ecosystem, 85, 87f Penicillin discovery, 31 Pennsylvania Centralia, 319 Three Mile Island nuclear power plant, 358–359 Peregrine falcons, 513 Perennial streams, 372 Periodic table of elements, 111–112, 111f Permafrost, 445 Perraudin, Jean-Paul, 445 Persistent organic pollutants, 194, 194t Peru Guano Island, 121, 122f tropical rain forests, 248, 248f Pest control, 224–227 Pesticides, 224–227, 488t artificial organic compounds, 225 broad-spectrum inorganic toxins, 224 integrated pest management, 226, 226f natural plant chemicals, 225 petroleum-based sprays, 225 world use of, 225, 225f Petroleum-based sprays, 225 Petroleum production, 306–307 Pheromones, 227 Philippines experimental rice plots and, 228 Mount Pinatubo, 199 population policy and, 75 Phoenix, Arizona, 419, 419f Phosphorous, 223, 224f, 405–408 Phosphorous cycle, 121–124, 122f Photochemical oxidants, air pollution and, 466–467 Photochemical smog, 473, 473f Photodissociation, 482 Photosynthesis chemistry of, 91 dependent and independent variables and, 27, 27f ecological communities and, 84 trees and, 242f Photovoltaics, 330–331, 330f, 331f Physiological tolerance, 205 Picocuries per liter, 356 Pig farms, 421–422, 422t Pinchot, Gifford, 558 Pine bark beetle, 281, 281f Place value, desalinated water and, 375–376 Plankton, 121 Plant pest interceptions, 165–166, 165t Plantations, forest, 245–246, 246f Plasma, 364 Plasmodium parasites, 151–152, 151f Plastics, in ocean, 544, 544f Plate tectonics, 113–114, 114f, 115f Platte River, 225, 375 Plowing, 214, 214f Point sources, pollution, 188, 188f, 410, 410f, 463, 463f Polar amplification, 451 Polar Bears, 166 Polar night, 484 Polar stratospheric clouds, 484 Polar vortex, 484, 485f Policy instruments, 129 Pollen grains, 489f Pollinators, 130, 130f Pollution acute and chronic effects of, 205 asbestos and, 199 defined, 188 dose-response and, 201–204, 203f, 206 ecological gradients and, 205 ED-50 values and, 204, 204f electromagnetic fields and, 199–200 exposure assessment and, 206 general effects of, 201–205 hazard identification and, 205–206 hormonally active agents and, 196–197, 197f infectious agents and, 189–190 LD-50 values and, 203, 203t measuring amount of, 189 noise pollution, 200–201, 200t nuclear radiation, 198 organic compounds and, 193 particulates and, 199, 199f persistent organic pollutants, 194, 194t risk assessment and, 205–206 risk characterization and, 206 sanitary landfills and, 534–535, 536f TD-50 values and, 204, 204f thermal pollution, 198–199, 198f threshold effects and, 204–205, 204f tolerance and, 205 toxic heavy metals and, 191 toxic pathways and, 191–193, 191f, 192f urban, 510 wildlife effects and, 201, 201t zone classification and, 404 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 194, 194t, 399–400 Population. See Human population Positive exponential, 51, 51f Positive feedback, 48–50, 49f, 445 Potassium-40, 355 Potential energy, 289 Powder River Basin, Wyoming, 309 Powell, John Wesley, 561, 561f Power, energy units and, 291 Prairie potholes, 388f Prairie restoration, 176–178 Precautionary Principle, 14–15, 16f Precipitation, 161–162, 162f, 375 Precision, measurement, 32–34 Predation, 158 Prevalence, disease, 63t Priestley, Joseph, 450 Primary production, autotrophs, 93 Primary production, petroleum, 306 Primary succession, ecosystem, 95, 96f Primary treatment, wastewater, 415–416 Production, equations for, 94 Production per acre, 227 Prokaryotes, 110, 110f Protein supply, malnourishment and, 216 Protocol of Madrid, 563 Proven oil reserves, 306–307, 307f Proxy data, climate, 438–440 Pseudoscience, 35–37 Public land recreation, 559–600 Public-service functions, 130, 130f, 238 Public-service species, 145 Pump storage systems, 334f Python, Burmese, 171, 171f Q Quads, 291 Qualitative data, 27 Quanea, Greenland, 193 Quantitative data, 27 Quarries, 526 Queensland, Australia, 246f R R-to-C ratio, 546 Radiation dosage and health, 358 electromagnetic, 436, 436f exposure to, 354–357, 356f, 357f units and doses of, 356–357 Radioactive decay, 350–352, 352f, 352t Radioactive-waste management high-level radioactive waste, 361–362 low-level radioactive waste, 360 transuranic waste, 361, 361f United States and, 362–363 Radioisotopes, 350, 354–357 Radionuclides, 446 Radon gas, 488t danger and, 490–491 entering homes and buildings, 491 geology and, 490 making homes and buildings resistant to, 493 Rainwater, acidity of, 221 Rance Tidal Power Station, France, 335–336, 335f Rangeland grazing, 218–221, 220f Rapa Nui. See Easter Island Ratcliffe-on-Saw, England, 349f Rate of natural increase, 63t Ration coupons, 128 Realized niches, 157, 157f Recharge zones, 372 Reclaimed water, 369 Reclamation, 180, 319 Recovered species, 276, 277f Recovery, oil and natural gas, 311, 311f Recovery zone, 404 Recycling, 530–531, 531f financial viability and, 546–547 hazardous waste and, 542 human waste and, 531–532 public support for, 531 single-stream recycling, 531 Red Bluff Dam, California, 269, 270f Red-cockaded woodpecker, 281, 281f Red List, 271 Refineries, crude oil, 312 Refuse Act, 422 Reindeer, 157, 158f Removal, dams, 392–393, 393f Renewable energy, 293–294, 327–328 Renewable resources importance, 521 Reservoir rock, 306 Reservoirs, 335 Residence time, 46–48, 112 Residual land sink, 117
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Earth as a Li
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VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLIS
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About the Authors Daniel B. Botkin
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Preface vii Themes Our book is base
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Preface ix Updated Critical Thinkin
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Acknowledgments Reviewers of This E
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Acknowledgments xiii Karen Swanson,
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Contents Chapter 1 Key Themes in En
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xviii Contents Summary 125 Reexamin
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xx Contents Chapter 13 Wildlife, Fi
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xxii Contents CRITICAL THINKING ISS
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xxiv Contents Availability and Use
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2 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environme
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10 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environm
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over 4 million in 1950. In 1999 Tok
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CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Knowi
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24 CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Kn
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CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts and
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102 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
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CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cycles
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106 CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cy
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144 CHAPTER 8 Biological Diversity
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186 CHAPTER 10 Environmental Health
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236 CHAPTER 12 Landscapes: Forests,
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CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics LEAR
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288 CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics
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CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Climate,
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430 CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Clim
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464 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution
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466 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Table
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470 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Air po
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472 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Mercur
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494 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution SUMMAR
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496 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution STUDY
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498 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments C
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500 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments I
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502 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments o
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504 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments K
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506 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments 2
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508 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments A
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510 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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512 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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518 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments S
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520 CHAPTER 23 Materials Management
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552 CHAPTER 24 Our Environmental Fu
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554 CHAPTER 24 Our Environmental Fu
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Page 603 and 604: Glossary Abortion rate The estimate
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Page 623 and 624: Index Entries followed by an f may
Page 625 and 626: INDEX I-3 Sweetwater Marsh National
Page 627 and 628: INDEX I-5 dune succession, 96, 96f
Page 629 and 630: INDEX I-7 Colorado River, 114, 115f
Page 631: INDEX I-9 Lovelock, James, 10, 108
Page 635 and 636: INDEX I-13 Static systems, 44, 44f
Page 637: INDEX I-15 Watts, 291, 292t Weather
Page 640 and 641: N-2 NOTES 7. Schmidt, W.E. 1991 (Se
Page 642 and 643: N-4 NOTES 4. Christian, D. 2004. Ma
Page 644 and 645: N-6 NOTES 9. Collins, S.L., A.K. Kn
Page 646 and 647: N-8 NOTES 8. U.S. Department of Agr
Page 648 and 649: N-10 NOTES 19. O’Donnell, James J
Page 650 and 651: N-12 NOTES 19. Piore, 2002 (April 1
Page 652 and 653: N-14 NOTES application of secondary
Page 654 and 655: N-16 NOTES 22. Foukal, P., C. Frohl
Page 656 and 657: N-18 NOTES 54. Zummo, S.M., and M.H
Page 658: N-20 NOTES 38. Bullard, R.D. 1990.
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