Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

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EIGHTH EDITION Environmental Science Earth as a Living Planet Daniel B. Botkin Professor Emeritus Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara President The Center for the Study of the Environment Santa Barbara, California Edward A. Keller Professor of Environmental Studies and Earth Science University of California, Santa Barbara JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
Page 1: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Earth as a Li
Page 5: DEDICATIONS For my sister, Dorothy
Page 8 and 9: Preface What Is Environmental Scien
Page 10 and 11: viii Preface A Case Study introduc
Page 12 and 13: x Preface Advanced Placement ® Gui
Page 14 and 15: xii Acknowledgments James H. Groskl
Page 17 and 18: Brief Contents Chapter 1 Key Themes
Page 19 and 20: Contents xvii CRITICAL THINKING ISS
Page 21 and 22: Contents xix Environmentally Transm
Page 23 and 24: Contents xxi Chapter 16 Alternative
Page 25 and 26: Contents xxiii Agricultural Product
Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environment
Page 29 and 30: Case Study: Amboseli National Reser
Page 31 and 32: 1.1 Major Themes of Environmental S
Page 33 and 34: 1.2 Human Population Growth 7 FIGUR
Page 35 and 36: 1.3 Sustainability and Carrying Cap
Page 37 and 38: 1.5 An Urban World 11 history of li
Page 39 and 40: 1.7 Science and Values 13 FIGURE 1.
Page 41 and 42: 1.7 Science and Values 15 FIGURE 1.
Page 43 and 44: Critical Thinking Issue 17 CRITICAL
Page 45 and 46: Reexaming Themes and Issues 19 SUMM
Page 47 and 48: Further Reading 21 FURTHER READING
Page 49 and 50: Case Study Birds at Mono Lake: Appl
Page 51 and 52: 2.1 Understanding What Science Is
Page 53 and 54:
2.2 Observations, Facts, Inferences
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Page 57 and 58:
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2.3 Measurements and Uncertainty 33
Page 61 and 62:
2.4 Misunderstandings about Science
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Summary 37 Beyo n d t he Fringe Can
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Study Questions 39 STUDY QUESTIONS
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CHAPTER 3 The Big Picture: Systems
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Case Study: Trying to Control Flood
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3.1 Basic Systems Concept 45 steady
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3.1 Basic Systems Concept 47 an inl
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3.1 Basic Systems Concept 49 ORV us
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3.2 System Responses: Some Importan
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3.4 Irreversible Consequences 53 WO
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3.8 Types of Change 55 FIGURE 3.18
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Key Terms 57 REEXAMINING THEMES AND
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CHAPTER 4 The Human Population and
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4.1 Basic Concepts of Population Dy
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4.1 Basic Concepts of Population Dy
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4.2 Projecting Future Population Gr
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4.3 Age Structure 67 dealt with thi
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4.4 The Demographic Transition 69 M
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4.5 Longevity and Its Effect on Pop
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4.7 The Human Carrying Capacity of
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4.8 Can We Achieve Zero Population
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Reexamining Themes and Issues 77 su
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Further Reading 79 of the human pop
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CASE STUDY Sea Otters, Sea Urchins,
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5.1 The Ecosystem: Sustaining Life
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5.2 Ecological Communities and Food
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5.2 Ecological Communities and Food
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5.4 Biological Production and Ecosy
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5.4 Biological Production and Ecosy
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5.5 Biological Production and Bioma
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5.7 Ecological Stability and Succes
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5.7 Ecological Stability and Succes
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5.9 How Species Change Succession 9
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Critical Thinking Issue 101 CRITICA
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Further Reading 103 KEY TERMS autot
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Case Study Methane and Oil Seeps: S
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6.1 Earth Is a Peculiar Planet 107
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6.1 Earth Is a Peculiar Planet 109
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6.2 Life and Global Chemical Cycles
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6.4 The Geologic Cycle 113 6.4 The
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Water table 6.4 The Geologic Cycle
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6.5 Some Major Global Biogeochemica
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Reexamining Themes and Issues 125 S
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CHAPTER 7 Dollars and Environmental
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7.1 Overview of Environmental Econo
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7.3 The Environment as a Commons 13
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7.5 Externalities 133 Number of wha
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7.7 How Is the Future Valued? 135 t
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7.8 Risk-Benefit Analysis 137 Table
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Study Questions 141 Urban World Peo
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CHAPTER 8 Biological Diversity and
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8.1 What Is Biological Diversity? 1
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8.2 Biological Diversity Basics 147
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8.3 Biological Evolution 149 plants
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8.3 Biological Evolution 151 A CLOS
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8.3 Biological Evolution 153 specie
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8.4 Competition and Ecological Nich
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8.5 Symbiosis 157 specific range of
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8.7 How Geography and Geology Affec
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8.8 Invasions, Invasive Species, an
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Reexamining Themes and Issues 167
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CHAPTER 9 Ecological Restoration LE
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9.1 What Is Ecological Restoration?
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9.3 What Is Usually Restored? 173 T
Page 201 and 202:
9.3 What Is Usually Restored? 175 6
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9.3 What Is Usually Restored? 177 I
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9.3 What Is Usually Restored? 179 (
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Critical Thinking Isuue 181
Page 209 and 210:
Key Terms 183 REEXAMINING THEMES AN
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CHAPTER 10 Environmental Health, Po
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10.1 Some Basics 187 1. Disease sel
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10.2 Categories of Pollutants 189 M
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10.2 Categories of Pollutants 191 W
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10.2 Categories of Pollutants 193 T
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10.2 Categories of Pollutants 195 A
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10.2 Categories of Pollutants 197 F
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10.2 Categories of Pollutants 199 c
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10.3 General Effects of Pollutants
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10.3 General Effects of Pollutants
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10.4 Risk Assessment 205 is known a
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Study Questions 209 Urban World Peo
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CHAPTER 11 Agriculture, Aquaculture
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11.1 An Ecological Perspective on A
Page 241 and 242:
11.2 Can We Feed the World? 215 Tab
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11.2 Can We Feed the World? 217 Dai
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11.3 What We Grow on the Land 219 N
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11.4 Soils 221 Steepest slopes or w
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11.4 Soils 223 A CLOSER LOOK 11.1 T
Page 251 and 252:
11.5 Controlling Pests 225 Stage 2:
Page 253 and 254:
11.6 The Future of Agriculture 227
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11.7 Genetically Modified Food: Bio
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11.8 Aquaculture 231 Some Negatives
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CHAPTER 12 Landscapes: Forests, Par
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To Brooklyn College-Flatbush Ave St
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12.1 Forests and Forestry 239 Shou
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12.1 Forests and Forestry 241 FIGUR
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12.1 Forests and Forestry 243 Is th
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12.1 Forests and Forestry 245 Fores
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12.1 Forests and Forestry 247 tices
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12.2 Parks, Nature Preserves, and W
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12.2 Parks, Nature Preserves, and W
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12.3 Conserving Wilderness 253 Thor
Page 281 and 282:
Reexamining Themes and Issues 255 f
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CHAPTER 13 Wildlife, Fisheries, and
Page 285 and 286:
Case Study: Stories Told by the Gri
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13.1 Traditional Single-Species Wil
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13.2 Improved Approaches to Wildlif
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13.3 Fisheries 265 animals were lik
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13.3 Fisheries 267 The Decline of F
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13.3 Fisheries 269 “tragedy of th
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13.4 Endangered Species: Current St
Page 299 and 300:
13.4 Endangered Species: Current St
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13.5 How a Species Becomes Endanger
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13.6 The Good News: We Have Improve
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13.8 How People Cause Extinctions a
Page 307 and 308:
Critical Thinking Issue 281 (50 mi
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Further Reading 285 FURTHER READING
Page 313 and 314:
Case Study: National Energy Policy:
Page 315 and 316:
14.2 Energy Basics 289 fossil fuels
Page 317 and 318:
14.3 Energy Efficiency 291 Table 14
Page 319 and 320:
14.4 Energy Sources and Consumption
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14.5 Energy Conservation, Increased
Page 323 and 324:
14.6 Sustainable-Energy Policy 297
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14.6 Sustainable-Energy Policy 299
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
CHAPTER 15 Fossil Fuels and the Env
Page 331 and 332:
FIGURE 15.3 A California gas statio
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15.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas 307
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15.3 Coal 315 Europe and Eurasia 27
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15.3 Coal 317 plant by a 440-km (27
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15.3 Coal 319 FIGURE 15.16 Mountain
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15.4 Oil Shale and Tar Sands 321 po
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Page 351 and 352:
Further Reading 325 People and Natu
Page 353 and 354:
16.1 Introduction to Alternative En
Page 355 and 356:
16.2 Solar Energy 329 (a) N Heat ci
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16.2 Solar Energy 331 (a) (b) FIGUR
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16.3 Converting Electricity from Re
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16.5 Ocean Energy 335 Many location
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16.6 Wind Power 337 Wind turbine Mo
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16.8 Geothermal Energy 339 Table 16
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Critical Thinking Issue 341 the gro
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Reexamining Themes and Issues 343 u
Page 371 and 372:
CHAPTER 17 Nuclear Energy and the E
Page 373 and 374:
17.1 Current Role of Nuclear Power
Page 375 and 376:
17.2 What Is Nuclear Energy? 349 Ch
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17.2 What Is Nuclear Energy? 351 Pr
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17.3 Nuclear Energy and the Environ
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17.4 Nuclear Radiation in the Envir
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17.4 Nuclear Radiation in the Envir
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17.5 Nuclear Power Plant Accidents
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17.6 Radioactive-Waste Management 3
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17.7 The Future of Nuclear Energy 3
Page 391 and 392:
Summary 365 Critical Thinking Quest
Page 393 and 394:
Further Reading 367 KEY TERMS breed
Page 395 and 396:
Case Study: Palm Beach, County, Flo
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Groundwater Ocean storage 18.1 Wate
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18.2 Water Supply: A U.S. Example 3
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18.2 Water Supply: A U.S. Example 3
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18.3 Water Use 377 throughout the y
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18.3 Water Use 379 Hudson River its
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(b) 18.4 Water Conservation 381
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18.4 Water Conservation 383 Public
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18.5 Sustainability and Water Manag
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18.6 Wetlands 387 Central America N
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18.6 Wetlands 389 such as the Missi
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18.7 Dams and the Environment 391 F
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18.8 Global Water Shortage Linked t
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Summary 395 Table 18.3 WATER FOOTPR
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Further Reading 397 Science and Val
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Case Study: America’s “First Ri
Page 427 and 428:
19.1 Water Pollution 401 Table 19.1
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19.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD
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19.4 Nutrients 405 FIGURE 19.3 This
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19.4 Nutrients 407 A CLOSER LOOK 19
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19.7 Acid Mine Drainage 409 Gully P
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19.8 Surface-Water Pollution 411 (a
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19.9 Groundwater Pollution 413 Som
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19.10 Wastewater Treatment 415 incl
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19.10 Wastewater Treatment 417 be d
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19.11 Land Application of Wastewate
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19.14 Water Pollution and Environme
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Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Further Reading 427 12. Do you thin
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CASE STUDY What Does History Tell U
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20.2 Weather and Climate 431 390 38
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20.3 The Origin of the Global Warmi
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20.4 The Atmosphere 435 cold trap,
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20.4 The Atmosphere 437 Sun (5800°
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20.5 How We Study Climate 439 Log i
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20.6 The Greenhouse Effect 441 20.6
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20.7 The Major Greenhouse Gases 443
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20.9 Causes of CIimate Change 445 P
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20.9 Causes of Climate Change 447 f
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20.10 The Oceans and Climate Change
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20.13 Potential Environmental, Ecol
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FIGURE 20.24 (a) The thinning of se
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20.13 Potential Environmental, Ecol
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Critical Thinking Issue What is Val
Page 485 and 486:
Key Terms 459 REEXAMINING THEMES AN
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CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution LEARNING O
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21.1 Air Pollution in the Lower Atm
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21.2 Controlling Common Pollutants
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21.2 Controlling Common Pollutants
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Altitude (km) (b) 80 60 40 20 Mesos
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21.3 High-Altitude (Stratospheric)
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21.3 High-Altitude (Stratospheric)
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21.4 Indoor Air Pollution 487
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21.4 Indoor Air Pollution 489 FIGUR
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21.5 Controlling Indoor Air Polluti
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21.5 Controlling Indoor Air Polluti
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Key Terms 495 Global Perspective Ur
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CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments LEARN
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22.2 The City as a System 499 22.1
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22.3 The Location of Cities: Site a
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22.3 The Location of Cities: Site a
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22.4 An Environmental History of Ci
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22.5 City Planning and the Environm
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22.6 The City as an Environment 509
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22.7 Bringing Nature to the City 51
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Reexamining Themes and Issues 517 t
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CHAPTER 23 Materials Management LEA
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23.1 The Importance of Resources to
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23.3 Mineral Resources 523 built ne
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23.4 Figuring Out How Much Is Left
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23.5 Impacts of Mineral Development
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23.6 Materials Management and Our W
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23.7 Integrated Waste Management 53
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23.8 Municipal Solid-Waste Manageme
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23.8 Municipal Solid-Waste Manageme
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23.9 Hazardous Waste 537 Table 23.2
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23.10 Hazardous-Waste Legislation 5
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Table 23.3 COMPARISON OF HAZARD RED
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23.13 Ocean Dumping 543 ated offsho
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23.14 Pollution Prevention 545 Mari
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Summary 547 and ambitious recycling
Page 575 and 576:
Study Questions 549 People and Natu
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CHAPTER 24 Our Environmental Future
Page 579 and 580:
Case Study: The Oil Spill in the Gu
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24.1 Imagine an Ecotopia 555 (a) (b
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24.3 Environment and Law: A Horse,
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24.5 Planning for Recreation on Pub
Page 587 and 588:
24.5 Planning for Recreation on Pub
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24.8 Global Security and Environmen
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Page 593:
Study Questions 567 STUDY QUESTIONS
Page 596 and 597:
A-2 Appendix B Prefix and Multiplic
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A-4 Appendix D Geologic Time Scale
Page 600 and 601:
A-6 Appendix
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PC-2 PHOTO CREDITS CHAPTER 13 Ch Op
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G-2 Glossary or neutrons in the nuc
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G-4 Glossary Community effect (comm
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G-6 Glossary ing fossil fuels is su
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G-8 Glossary Food web A network of
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G-10 Glossary Inflection point The
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G-12 Glossary Minimum viable popula
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G-14 Glossary pollutant when presen
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G-16 Glossary Reserves Known and id
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G-18 Glossary under certain meteoro
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G-20 Glossary Wallace’s realms Si
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I-2 INDEX Armadillo, 273 Artificial
Page 626 and 627:
I-4 INDEX Codominants, tree, 245 Co
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I-6 INDEX Fisheries (cont.) sustain
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I-8 INDEX Igneous rocks, 116 Illino
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I-10 INDEX Neutrino, 351 Nevada Acc
Page 634 and 635:
I-12 INDEX Resource Conservation an
Page 636 and 637:
I-14 INDEX United States coal reser
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Notes Chapter 1 Notes 1. Western, D
Page 641 and 642:
NOTES N-3 26. World Bank. 1992. Wor
Page 643 and 644:
NOTES N-5 Chapter 8 Notes 1. Dowdy,
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NOTES N-7 cally relevant doses. Pro
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NOTES N-9 14. The Hubbard Brook eco
Page 649 and 650:
NOTES N-11 3. Cavanay, R. 2006. Glo
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NOTES N-13 29. Cohen, B.L. 1990. Th
Page 653 and 654:
NOTES N-15 Better Planet Special Is
Page 655 and 656:
NOTES N-17 12. Lippmann, M., and R.
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NOTES N-19 27. U.S. Environmental P
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