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annex: methodological notes 106 Renewable Energy Sources in Figures 9. Effect of EU Directive 2009/28/EC on renewable energy statistics EU Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources contains detailed requirements with regard to calculating the achievement of targets. To some extent these differ from the calculation methods used in Germany to date, which form the underlying methods used in this brochure. The following differences in particular should be noted: ó The target is based on gross final consumption of energy, ó Electricity supplied by hydropower and wind energy is normalised, ó There are special requirements for calculating the shares of heat consumption and in the transport sector. Gross final consumption of energy is defined as follows in Article 2 (f) of Directive 2009/28/EC: ‘gross final consumption of energy’ means the energy commodities delivered for energy purposes to industry, transport, households, services including public services, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, including the consumption of electricity and heat by the energy branch for electricity and heat production and including losses of electricity and heat in distribution and transmission. In the national statistics to date (e.g. in this brochure), final energy consumption has been defined as the portion used for energy purposes of that energy quantity within Germany that reaches the final consumer. Gross final energy according to the Directive corresponds to final energy plus grid losses and plus the internal consumption of the generating plants, and is therefore higher. When calculating the contributions of wind energy and hydropower, the effects of climate fluctuations on electricity yield are taken into account. As a result of this “normalisation” in terms of an average year, the figure for wind and hydropower no longer corresponds to the actual yield for the year in question, but provides a better picture of the relevant expansion. Target achievement calculations in the transport sector only take account of sustainably produced biofuels plus the contribution due to the electricity which is generated from renewable sources and consumed in all types of electric vehicles. Furthermore, a factor of 2 is applied to biofuels from residues, lignocellulose, biomass-to-liquids (BtL) and biogas from residues, and a factor of 2.5 to renewable electricity in the road traffic sector. Thus comparisons between data determined in accordance with the requirements of the EU Directive and statistics from other sources, such as the data under the Renewable Energy Sources Act or the national statistics, may be of limited value.
Conversion factors Terawatt hour: 1 tWh = 1 billion kWh Kilo k 10 3 Tera T 10 12 Gigawatt hour: 1 gWh = 1 million kWh Mega M 10 6 Peta P 10 15 Megawatt hour: 1 mWh = 1,000 kWh Giga G 10 9 Exa E 10 18 Units of energy and output Joule J for energy, work, heat quantity Watt W for power, energy flux, heat flux 1 Joule (J) = 1 Newton metre (Nm) = 1 Watt second (Ws) Conversion factors conVeRsion FactoRs, gReenhoUse gases and aiR PollUtants PJ TWh Mtce Mtoe 1 Petajoule PJ 1 0.2778 0.0341 0.0239 1 Terawatt hour TWh 3.6 1 0.123 0.0861 1 million tonnes coal equivalent 1 million tonnes crude oil equivalent Greenhouse gases CO 2 CH 4 N O 2 SF 6 carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide sulphur hexafluoride HFC hydrofluorocarbons PFC Perfluorocarbons Other air pollutants SO 2 NO x sulphur dioxide nitrogen oxides HCl hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid) HF hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid) CO carbon monoxide NMVOC non-methane volatile organic compounds Mtce 29.308 8.14 1 0.7 Mtoe 41.869 11.63 1.429 1 legally binding units in germany since 1978. the calorie and derived units such as coal equivalent and oil equivalent are still used as alternatives. the figures relate to the calorific value. Renewable Energy Sources in Figures 107
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Renewable Energy Sources in Figures
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ContEntS Foreword 5 pArt i: GErmAnY
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ForEWorD Dear Readers, The consiste
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WorKinG GroUp on rEnEWABLE EnErGiES
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Expansion of power grids In future
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Renewable energy share increases de
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Renewable energy shares of energy s
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Structure of renewables-based energ
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Development of electricity generati
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Shares of total renewables-based in
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Development of heat supply from ren
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Development of renewables-based fue
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In the case of electricity and heat
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Emission balance of renewables-base
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Emission balance for renewables-bas
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Emission balance for renewable-base
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The tables show details of the savi
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Trends in investments in renewable
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Initial and further training in the
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In retrospect, important assumption
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[tWh] electricity feed-in/eeg Struc
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ards of the Energy Saving Ordinance
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Assistance funding and resulting in
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Environmental damage from emission
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Some of the costs and benefits of r
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Promotion of research and developme
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potentIal capacItIes Long-term sust
Page 55 and 56: Structural challenges: Expansion of
Page 57 and 58: PART II: RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN THE
Page 59 and 60: The National Renewable Energy Actio
Page 61 and 62: Structure of total renewable energy
Page 63 and 64: Structure of final energy consumpti
Page 65 and 66: A competitive, sustainable and secu
Page 67 and 68: Development of the share of renewab
Page 69 and 70: Renewables-based electricity supply
Page 71 and 72: Wind energy use in the EU Installed
Page 73 and 74: At the end of 2010, total wind ener
Page 75 and 76: equivalent to an additional collect
Page 77 and 78: In 2009 Observ’ER [101] puts the
Page 79 and 80: Jobs in the renewable energies sect
Page 81 and 82: The examples of wind energy and pho
Page 83 and 84: Development of world population and
Page 85 and 86: Renewables-based energy production
Page 87 and 88: Renewables-based shares of energy d
Page 89 and 90: 2009 Rural areas Persons using trad
Page 91 and 92: In 2008, the renewables share of el
Page 93 and 94: Renewable Energy Policy Network for
Page 95 and 96: Clean Energy Ministerial - CEM - Th
Page 97 and 98: 1. Energy supply from photovoltaic
Page 99 and 100: The emission factors for fossil and
Page 101 and 102: 5. Calculating avoidance factors an
Page 103 and 104: The gross saving in fossil fuels is
Page 105: 8. Organisation for Economic Cooper
Page 109 and 110: List of Sources Communications from
Page 111 and 112: [38] Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- u
Page 113 and 114: [92] Umweltbundesamt (UBA): Zentral
Page 115 and 116: [135] Sensfuß, F.: Analysen zum Me
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